{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212425243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","title":"Beyond the Carbon Ceiling: Neural Econometric Decoupling of GCC Energy Portfolios \u2014 Bridging Growth Theory and Deep Learning","display_name":"Beyond the Carbon Ceiling: Neural Econometric Decoupling of GCC Energy Portfolios \u2014 Bridging Growth Theory and Deep Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212425243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075106518","display_name":"Safia Omer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3009-4496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3009-4496","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7607-4668"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Safia Omer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138803837","display_name":"Hussein Ali Ahmed Ghanim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0639-967X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0639-967X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-259X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Ghanim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138795567","display_name":"Ismaeel Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismaeel Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076388326","display_name":"Ghadda Mohamed Awad Yousif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-2957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-2957"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghadda M. Yousif","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149661161","display_name":"Alaa Aba Alkhayl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Aba Alkhayl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075106518","https://openalex.org/A5138803837"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13331","display_name":"Energy and Environmental Sustainability","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-consumption","display_name":"renewable energy consumption","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-cooperation-council","display_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-transition","display_name":"energy transition","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomic-factors","display_name":"macroeconomic factors","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-vision-2030","display_name":"Saudi Vision 2030","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrocarbon-dependence","display_name":"hydrocarbon dependence","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-decoupling","display_name":"energy decoupling","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.6610000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7085000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.6862000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5777000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180075932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333342","display_name":"Econometric model","level":2,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22674136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192796","display_name":"Balance of trade","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200941418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508","display_name":"Inflation (cosmology)","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131046424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805337","display_name":"Energy policy","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777172336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2700433","display_name":"Energy security","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0920.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7197031798","https://openalex.org/W7128384742","https://openalex.org/W4414989241","https://openalex.org/W4367842891","https://openalex.org/W7207742258","https://openalex.org/W7204189713","https://openalex.org/W4398199703","https://openalex.org/W6906682422","https://openalex.org/W4403761698","https://openalex.org/W4412448963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,66,112,144,193,249],"Gulf":[1],"Cooperation":[2],"Council":[3],"(GCC)":[4],"states":[5,82],"have":[6],"to":[7,11,24,54,186],"find":[8],"a":[9,88,199],"way":[10],"balance":[12],"their":[13,19],"reliance":[14],"on":[15,22],"hydrocarbon":[16],"resources":[17],"and":[18,94,107,119,177,205,229,280],"ambitious":[20],"aims":[21],"moving":[23],"renewable":[25,41,64,75,129,178],"energy":[26,42,76,130,179,243,268,298],"(for":[27],"instance,":[28],"the":[29,34,38,45,58,61,71,79,84,104,108,123,138,157,182,187,224,239,247,261,271,294],"Saudi":[30],"Vision":[31],"2030.)":[32],"Despite":[33],"policies":[35],"in":[36,44,78,181,246,254,270,278],"place,":[37],"implementation":[39],"of":[40,63,74,90,128,137,190,203,209,241,256,264,276,296],"technologies":[43],"region":[46,272],"is":[47,148],"relatively":[48],"low":[49,200],"indicating":[50,211],"that":[51,116,223,252],"more":[52],"needs":[53],"be":[55,292],"understood":[56],"about":[57,135],"reasons":[59],"behind":[60],"use":[62],"energy.":[65],"present":[67],"research":[68,279],"will":[69],"analyze":[70],"macroeconomic":[72],"determinants":[73,127],"consumption":[77,180],"6":[80],"GCC":[81,191],"for":[83,215],"periods":[85],"2000-2025":[86],"using":[87],"combination":[89],"panel":[91],"econometric":[92,113],"techniques":[93],"machine":[95],"learning.":[96],"Panel":[97],"data":[98,102],"were":[99],"constructed":[100],"from":[101,103],"World":[105],"Bank":[106],"International":[109],"Energy":[110],"Agency.":[111],"results":[114],"show":[115],"R&D":[117,154,227],"expenditure":[118,155,228],"trade":[120,163,230,289],"openness":[121,231],"are":[122,282],"two":[124],"most":[125,158],"important":[126,159],"consumption,":[131],"which":[132,236],"jointly":[133],"explain":[134],"63%":[136],"variation":[139],"(adjusted":[140],"R\u00b2":[141],"=":[142],"0.629).":[143],"random":[145,194],"forest":[146,195],"model":[147,196],"consistent":[149],"with":[150,153,238],"these":[151],"findings,":[152],"as":[156,258,260,284,286],"predictor":[160],"followed":[161],"by":[162],"openness.":[164],"No":[165],"statistically":[166],"meaningful":[167],"relationship":[168],"was":[169],"found":[170],"between":[171,226],"GDP,":[172],"foreign":[173],"direct":[174],"investment,":[175],"inflation":[176],"final":[183],"models":[184],"due":[185],"structural":[188],"characteristics":[189],"economies.":[192],"also":[197,221],"had":[198],"RMSE":[201],"value":[202],"0.032":[204],"an":[206,216],"out-of-sample":[207],"R-squared":[208],"0.425,":[210],"satisfactory":[212],"predictive":[213],"performance":[214],"initial":[217],"model.":[218],"Sub-period":[219],"analysis":[220],"indicates":[222],"relationships":[225],"became":[232],"stronger":[233],"after":[234],"2015,":[235],"coincides":[237],"introduction":[240],"national":[242],"transition":[244,269],"strategies":[245],"GCC.":[248],"study":[250],"implies":[251],"innovation":[253],"terms":[255],"technology":[257],"well":[259,285],"open":[262],"nature":[263],"economy":[265],"could":[266],"promote":[267],"whereby":[273],"high":[274],"amount":[275],"investments":[277],"development":[281],"required":[283],"deeper":[287],"international":[288],"linkages":[290],"might":[291],"supporting":[293],"acceptance":[295],"green":[297],"approach.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-14T00:00:00"}
