{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212416417","doi":null,"title":"Fair Machine Learning in Criminal Justice: A Literature Review","display_name":"Fair Machine Learning in Criminal Justice: A Literature Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212416417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/638170","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/638170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"pro gradu -tutkielma"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/638170","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144632719","display_name":"Sanna Lehikoinen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lehikoinen, Sanna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5144632719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5957239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-fairness","display_name":"algorithmic fairness","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"risk assessment","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recidivism-prediction","display_name":"recidivism prediction","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-discrimination","display_name":"algorithmic discrimination","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-bias","display_name":"historical bias","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fairness-metrics","display_name":"fairness metrics","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-parity","display_name":"statistical parity","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equality-of-opportunity","display_name":"equal opportunities","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitive-variables","display_name":"sensitive variables","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersectionality","display_name":"intersectionality","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-scarcity","display_name":"data scarcity","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-status","display_name":"employment status","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nationality","display_name":"nationality","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-gender","display_name":"race and gender","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420643","display_name":"Recidivism","level":2,"score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.5582000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777138209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231002","display_name":"Nationality","level":3,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223729","display_name":"White paper","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154350673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623615","display_name":"Strict constructionism","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/638170","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/638170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"pro gradu -tutkielma"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/638170","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/638170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"pro gradu -tutkielma"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3155016818","https://openalex.org/W6991118796","https://openalex.org/W4297347934","https://openalex.org/W3175447237","https://openalex.org/W6980805096","https://openalex.org/W2963524705","https://openalex.org/W3205751732","https://openalex.org/W6941081777","https://openalex.org/W4385768144","https://openalex.org/W7132936585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,21,98,102,107,130,136,192,237,257,274,290],"increased":[2],"prevalence":[3],"of":[4,16,23,33,61,101,113,129,153,276,292,296],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"(ML)":[7],"methods":[8],"in":[9,13,77,236,256,285,299],"socially":[10],"consequential":[11],"decisions":[12],"a":[14,26,81,264],"variety":[15,152],"contexts,":[17],"including":[18],"criminal":[19,34,78,90,138,251],"justice,":[20],"evaluation":[22],"fairness":[24,40,72,95,154,182,238,270,288],"is":[25,46,53,64,233,289],"critical":[27],"priority.":[28],"Additionally,":[29,97],"as":[30,273],"many":[31],"aspects":[32],"justice":[35,79,91,139,252],"have":[36],"been":[37],"criticized":[38],"for":[39,146,181,204,209,218,223,229,250],"concerns":[41],"and":[42,93,111,125,148,158,167,188,202,207,213,221,225,227,245,301],"systemic":[43],"bias,":[44],"it":[45],"increasingly":[47],"relevant":[48],"to":[49,65,74,243,268,287],"ensure":[50],"historical":[51],"discrimination":[52],"not":[54],"encoded":[55],"into":[56,197],"ML":[57,75,144,248],"models.":[58,303],"The":[59,116,173],"aim":[60],"this":[62],"thesis":[63],"analyze":[66],"how":[67],"recent":[68],"literature":[69,82,103,175],"has":[70],"implemented":[71],"evaluations":[73],"applications":[76,92,145,253],"through":[80,88,106],"review.":[83],"Twenty-six":[84],"papers":[85,118,131],"are":[86,104,156,195,254,263],"examined":[87],"their":[89,94],"evaluations.":[96,239],"geopolitical":[99],"contexts":[100],"analyzed":[105],"authors'":[108],"university":[109],"affiliations":[110],"origins":[112],"used":[114,180],"data.":[115,281],"reviewed":[117,174,258],"often":[119],"feature":[120],"United":[121],"States":[122],"(US)-based":[123],"authors":[124],"more":[126],"than":[127],"half":[128],"use":[132],"data":[133,261],"collected":[134],"from":[135],"US":[137],"system.":[140],"They":[141],"primarily":[142],"examine":[143],"risk":[147],"recidivism":[149],"prediction.":[150],"A":[151],"metrics":[155],"defined":[157],"applied,":[159],"with":[160,279],"statistical":[161],"parity,":[162],"false":[163],"positive":[164],"rate":[165],"disparity,":[166],"equal":[168],"opportunity":[169],"appearing":[170],"most":[171],"frequently.":[172],"defines":[176],"five":[177],"sensitive":[178,193,277],"variables":[179,194],"evaluations:":[183],"race,":[184],"gender,":[185],"age,":[186],"nationality":[187],"employment":[189,230],"status.":[190,231],"Typically,":[191],"divided":[196],"common":[198,265],"binary":[199],"categories:":[200],"Black":[201],"white":[203],"race;":[205],"female":[206],"male":[208],"gender;":[210],"under":[211],"30":[212,215],"over":[214],"years":[216],"old":[217],"age;":[219],"national":[220],"foreigner":[222],"nationality;":[224],"employed":[226],"unemployed":[228],"Intersectionality":[232],"rarely":[234],"considered":[235],"Common":[240],"problems":[241],"related":[242],"creating":[244,300],"evaluating":[246,302],"fair":[247],"models":[249],"raised":[255],"literature.":[259],"Insufficient":[260],"samples":[262],"issue,":[266],"linked":[267],"several":[269],"concerns,":[271],"such":[272],"treatment":[275],"groups":[278],"limited":[280],"Another":[282],"prevalent":[283],"concern":[284],"relation":[286],"lack":[291],"examination":[293],"or":[294],"justification":[295],"choices":[297],"made":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-13T09:14:26.050021","created_date":"2026-09-13T00:00:00"}