{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212414484","doi":null,"title":"Real-time Detection of Phishing Emails Using XG Boost Machine Learning Technique","display_name":"Real-time Detection of Phishing Emails Using XG Boost Machine Learning Technique","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212414484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44UOBO_INST:114349450008841","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/conferencePaper/Real-time-Detection-of-Phishing-Emails-Using/9911208308841","pdf_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/view/delivery/44UOBO_INST/124349440008841/134399880008841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401270","display_name":"UBIR (University of Greater Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165678365","host_organization_name":"University of Greater Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/view/delivery/44UOBO_INST/124349440008841/134399880008841","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067594566","display_name":"Jude Osamor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-8521","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-8521"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamor,\u00a0Jude","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085428147","display_name":"Moses Ashawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-0791","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-0791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashawa,\u00a0Moses","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079885275","display_name":"Jackie Riley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-8702","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-8702"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riley,\u00a0Jackie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006442034","display_name":"Nsikak Pius Owoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-9345","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-9345"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owoh,\u00a0Pius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145745972","display_name":"\u00a0Ayodeji Ajibade","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajibade,\u00a0Ayodeji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity and Networks Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow , G4 0BA Scotland , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145894467","display_name":"\u00a0Celestine Iwendi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-3911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-3911"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165678365","display_name":"University of Greater Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/01t884y44","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iwendi,\u00a0Celestine","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Creative Technologies University of Bolton Bolton , BL3 5AB UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Creative Technologies University of Bolton Bolton , BL3 5AB UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing-email-detection","display_name":"phishing email detection","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"decision tree","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"logistic regression","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-comparison","display_name":"algorithm comparison","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/email-security","display_name":"email security","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime-prevention","display_name":"cybercrime prevention","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9276000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7577000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44UOBO_INST:114349450008841","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/conferencePaper/Real-time-Detection-of-Phishing-Emails-Using/9911208308841","pdf_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/view/delivery/44UOBO_INST/124349440008841/134399880008841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401270","display_name":"UBIR (University of Greater Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165678365","host_organization_name":"University of Greater Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44UOBO_INST:114349450008841","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/conferencePaper/Real-time-Detection-of-Phishing-Emails-Using/9911208308841","pdf_url":"https://ub-ir.bolton.ac.uk/view/delivery/44UOBO_INST/124349440008841/134399880008841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401270","display_name":"UBIR (University of Greater Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165678365","host_organization_name":"University of Greater Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165678365"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212414484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212414484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743990443","https://openalex.org/W2883808240","https://openalex.org/W2905311821","https://openalex.org/W2992909803","https://openalex.org/W2996625456","https://openalex.org/W3116550082","https://openalex.org/W3133843004","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3158143049","https://openalex.org/W3175218979","https://openalex.org/W3177173257","https://openalex.org/W3184796286","https://openalex.org/W3186475783","https://openalex.org/W3195446130","https://openalex.org/W3196715586","https://openalex.org/W3207470445","https://openalex.org/W3208241839","https://openalex.org/W3213312615","https://openalex.org/W3214285423","https://openalex.org/W4205935045","https://openalex.org/W4213194650","https://openalex.org/W4220867361","https://openalex.org/W4221132134","https://openalex.org/W4225723741","https://openalex.org/W4280569680","https://openalex.org/W4285247275","https://openalex.org/W4292002680","https://openalex.org/W4296311888","https://openalex.org/W4320734795","https://openalex.org/W4362698897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415323285","https://openalex.org/W4394596047","https://openalex.org/W7162693651","https://openalex.org/W7125258758","https://openalex.org/W4400579321","https://openalex.org/W4406850467","https://openalex.org/W4408005940","https://openalex.org/W4407628191","https://openalex.org/W4389292653","https://openalex.org/W4396841063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phishing":[0],"attacks":[1,85],"continue":[2],"to":[3,8,15,63,189],"pose":[4],"a":[5,87,122,132],"significant":[6,169],"threat":[7],"individuals":[9],"and":[10,27,46,60,80,108,135,144,191,203],"organizations,":[11],"making":[12],"it":[13],"crucial":[14],"develop":[16],"effective":[17],"countermeasures.":[18],"Machine":[19],"learning":[20,180],"algorithms":[21,39,79,93,128],"have":[22,168],"shown":[23],"promise":[24],"in":[25,40,159],"detecting":[26,160],"mitigating":[28],"phishing":[29,44,84,125,161,193],"attacks.":[30,162,194],"The":[31,71,92,127,146,163],"study":[32,118,167],"evaluates":[33],"the":[34,41,48,68,77,112,117,152,156,172,210],"performance":[35],"of":[36,43,50,90,114,124,165,174,212],"four":[37,52],"popular":[38],"context":[42],"detection":[45],"compares":[47],"effectiveness":[49,113],"these":[51,115],"different":[53],"algorithms;":[54],"Random":[55],"Forest,":[56],"Decision":[57],"Tree,":[58],"XGBoost,":[59,183],"Logistic":[61],"Regression,":[62],"determine":[64],"which":[65],"one":[66],"achieves":[67],"highest":[69,157],"accuracy.":[70],"results":[72,147],"show":[73],"that":[74,149],"XGBoost":[75,150],"outperforms":[76,151],"other":[78,153],"can":[81,185,196],"accurately":[82],"detect":[83,190],"with":[86],"high":[88],"degree":[89],"precision.":[91],"are":[94],"compared":[95],"based":[96,137],"on":[97,131,138],"factors":[98],"such":[99,140],"as":[100,141],"training":[101],"time,":[102,104],"test":[103],"model":[105],"size,":[106],"interpretability,":[107],"explainability.":[109],"To":[110],"compare":[111],"algorithms,":[116,154,181],"conducted":[119],"experiments":[120],"using":[121],"dataset":[123,134],"emails.":[126],"were":[129],"trained":[130],"labeled":[133],"evaluated":[136],"metrics":[139],"accuracy,":[142],"precision,":[143],"recall.":[145],"demonstrate":[148],"achieving":[155],"accuracy":[158],"findings":[164],"this":[166],"implications":[170],"for":[171],"development":[173],"antiphishing":[175],"technologies.":[176],"By":[177],"leveraging":[178],"machine":[179],"particularly":[182],"organizations":[184],"enhance":[186],"their":[187],"ability":[188],"prevent":[192],"This":[195],"help":[197],"protect":[198],"individuals'":[199],"personal":[200],"information,":[201],"passwords,":[202],"credit":[204],"card":[205],"numbers":[206],"from":[207],"falling":[208],"into":[209],"hands":[211],"cybercriminals.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-13T00:00:00"}