{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212373397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","title":"From principles to binding rules: A one health governance readiness analysis of Saudi Arabia's AI health policy against global regulatory benchmarks","display_name":"From principles to binding rules: A one health governance readiness analysis of Saudi Arabia's AI health policy against global regulatory benchmarks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212373397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42774677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771426002545/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898245483","display_name":"One Health","issn_l":"2352-7714","issn":["2352-7714"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"One Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771426002545/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134070622","display_name":"Ahmed Alqheedan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-7086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-7086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alqheedan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-7086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134070622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"],"apc_list":{"value":3080,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3080},"apc_paid":{"value":3080,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3080},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74807355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"101570","last_page":"101570"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.5238999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.5238999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.40380001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14396","display_name":"Healthcare Regulation","score":0.0414000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-readiness","display_name":"regulatory readiness","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-ai-act","display_name":"EU AI Act","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-interoperability","display_name":"data interoperability","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-workforce-capacity","display_name":"health workforce capacity","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-benchmarking","display_name":"regulatory benchmarking","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-marketing-surveillance","display_name":"post-marketing surveillance","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-auditing","display_name":"independent audit","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780120632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092706","display_name":"One Health","level":3,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993267355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Public health policy","level":4,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020009124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156854","display_name":"Policy making","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777896688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3773715","display_name":"Clinical governance","level":3,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.27250000834465027}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771426002545/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898245483","display_name":"One Health","issn_l":"2352-7714","issn":["2352-7714"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"One Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42774677","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42774677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0b78dc6759614d0b8b9857914d5aa843","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0b78dc6759614d0b8b9857914d5aa843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"One Health, Vol 23, Iss , Pp 101570- (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13594532","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13594532/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"One Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101570","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771426002545/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898245483","display_name":"One Health","issn_l":"2352-7714","issn":["2352-7714"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"One Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.459169864654541,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212373397.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212373397.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W3016012157","https://openalex.org/W3028544364","https://openalex.org/W3187555240","https://openalex.org/W4289526792","https://openalex.org/W4289746139","https://openalex.org/W4366826420","https://openalex.org/W4394820998","https://openalex.org/W4399906381","https://openalex.org/W4409790500","https://openalex.org/W4411046706","https://openalex.org/W7129706558","https://openalex.org/W7137806414","https://openalex.org/W7164891480"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"AI":[1,36,44,83,92,275,312],"is":[2,278],"entering":[3],"clinical":[4],"care,":[5],"disease":[6],"surveillance,":[7,96],"and":[8,27,31,51,55,57,81,103,116,143,166,192,201,221,269,296],"health-data":[9],"systems":[10,21],"faster":[11],"than":[12,291],"governance":[13,46,75,277],"frameworks":[14],"can":[15],"accommodate.":[16],"Stakes":[17],"for":[18,211],"public":[19],"health":[20,45,64,276],"include":[22],"algorithmic":[23],"safety":[24],"in":[25,79,231,239],"diagnosis":[26],"triage,":[28],"data":[29,97,265],"interoperability,":[30],"workforce":[32],"capacity":[33],"to":[34,185,319],"supervise":[35],"tools":[37],"safely.":[38],"Saudi":[39,110,174,256,273],"Arabia":[40,175],"has":[41,297],"built":[42],"substantial":[43],"infrastructure":[47],"through":[48],"its":[49],"Data":[50],"Artificial":[52],"Intelligence":[53],"Authority":[54],"Food":[56],"Drug":[58],"Authority,":[59],"but":[60,284],"no":[61],"binding,":[62],"AI-specific":[63],"law":[65],"had":[66],"been":[67],"enacted":[68],"as":[69],"of":[70,152,178,194,233,241,309],"mid-2026.":[71],"Methods:":[72],"A":[73,127],"ten-dimension":[74],"scoring":[76],"framework":[77],"anchored":[78],"WHO":[80],"EU":[82,187,311],"Act":[84],"standards":[85],"covered":[86],"legal":[87],"bindingness,":[88],"risk":[89],"classification,":[90],"health-specific":[91],"provisions,":[93],"transparency,":[94],"post-market":[95],"governance/interoperability,":[98,266],"independent":[99,261,292],"auditing,":[100],"codified":[101,267],"ethics,":[102,268],"workforce/capacity":[104,270],"building.":[105,271],"Nineteen":[106],"policy":[107],"documents":[108],"across":[109,218],"Arabia,":[111],"the":[112,114,186,195,306,310,321],"EU,":[113],"USA,":[115],"China":[117,202],"were":[118,260],"scored":[119,176],"0-2":[120],"(absent,":[121],"partial/non-binding,":[122],"codified/binding),":[123],"citing":[124],"source":[125],"passages.":[126],"genuine":[128],"second":[129,183],"coder":[130],"was":[131,134,160,216,250],"unavailable;":[132],"reliability":[133],"assessed":[135],"via":[136],"single-coder":[137],"self-consistency":[138,244],"on":[139,246,280,286],"a":[140,144,169,222,247],"random":[141,248],"subsample,":[142],"separate":[145],"post-hoc":[146],"construct-validity":[147],"review":[148],"checked":[149],"cross-jurisdictional":[150],"consistency":[151],"rubric":[153],"application.":[154],"RTGI":[155,189,198,204],"(Regulatory":[156],"Transition":[157],"Gap":[158],"Index)":[159],"computed":[161],"under":[162],"two":[163],"weighting":[164,219],"schemes":[165,220],"stress-tested":[167],"with":[168,305],"randomized-weight":[170,224],"sensitivity":[171,207,225],"sweep.":[172],"Results:":[173],"15":[177],"20":[179],"(RTGI":[180],"=":[181,190,199,205,253],"0.25),":[182],"only":[184],"(16/20,":[188],"0.20)":[191],"ahead":[193],"USA":[196],"(14/20,":[197],"0.30)":[200],"(6/20,":[203],"0.70;":[206],"band":[208],"5-11/20":[209],"accounting":[210],"translation":[212],"limitations).":[213],"Rank":[214],"order":[215,237],"stable":[217],"1000-draw":[223],"sweep":[226],"(China's":[227],"largest-gap":[228],"position":[229],"held":[230],"99.3%":[232],"draws;":[234],"full":[235],"baseline":[236],"reproduced":[238],"53.5%":[240],"draws).":[242],"Single-coder":[243],"agreement":[245],"subsample":[249],"83.3%":[251],"(kappa":[252],"0.64,":[254],"substantial).":[255],"Arabia's":[257,274],"largest":[258],"gaps":[259],"third-party":[262,293],"conformity":[263,294],"assessment,":[264,295],"Conclusions:":[272],"strong":[279],"device-specific":[281],"technical":[282],"guidance":[283],"relies":[285],"internal":[287],"quality-management":[288],"auditing":[289],"rather":[290],"not":[298],"converted":[299],"ethics":[300],"principles":[301],"into":[302],"binding":[303],"rules":[304],"public-health":[307],"reach":[308],"Act.":[313],"Four":[314],"near-term":[315],"actions":[316],"are":[317],"identified":[318],"close":[320],"highest-priority":[322],"gaps.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-09-13T00:00:00"}
