{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212275693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11819","title":"Universal Structure of Horizon Formation in Generic Binary Black Hole Mergers","display_name":"Universal Structure of Horizon Formation in Generic Binary Black Hole Mergers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212275693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.11819","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11819","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11819","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030955341","display_name":"Y. Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-7411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-7411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Yu-Cun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA","Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062157704","display_name":"Vaishak Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-2457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-2457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasad, Vaishak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA","Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-black-hole-mergers","display_name":"binary black hole mergers","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginally-outer-trapped-surfaces","display_name":"marginally outer trapped surfaces","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizon-formation","display_name":"horizon formation","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability-operator","display_name":"stability operator","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-schmidt-reduction","display_name":"Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-scaling-law","display_name":"universal scaling","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159176650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43261","display_name":"Horizon","level":2,"score":0.6757000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148292158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181741","display_name":"Event horizon","level":3,"score":0.5907999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17777063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4780925","display_name":"Apparent horizon","level":4,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138187205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131251","display_name":"Tangent","level":2,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43466630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17098945","display_name":"Linear stability","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157157409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909601","display_name":"Tangent space","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.11819","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11819","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.11819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.11819","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11819","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1453181110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2138286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1912064254","display_name":"Track 4:  Advanced CI Coordination Ecosystem: Monitoring and Measurement Services","funder_award_id":"2137603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2299875479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","funder_display_name":"Purdue University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2888034965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-38307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","funder_display_name":"Purdue University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3185749182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","funder_display_name":"Purdue University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3562386289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2138296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4006316252","display_name":"Track 1: ACCESS Resource Allocations Marketplace and Platform Services (RAMPS)","funder_award_id":"2138259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4010157413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4676224565","display_name":"ACO: An Open CI Ecosystem to Advance Scientific Discovery (OpenCI)","funder_award_id":"2138296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G509285653","display_name":"Track 3: COre National Ecosystem for CyberinfrasTructure (CONECT)","funder_award_id":"2138307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5367127336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2138307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5464919783","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2137603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G731264315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-37603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","funder_display_name":"Purdue University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8300691027","display_name":"Track 2: Customized Multi-tier Assistance, Training, and Computational Help (MATCH) for End User ACCESS to CI","funder_award_id":"2138286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G878072758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-38259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","funder_display_name":"Purdue University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04nh1dc89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212275693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212275693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971068715","https://openalex.org/W1977139016","https://openalex.org/W1979155737","https://openalex.org/W2004812491","https://openalex.org/W2010798756","https://openalex.org/W2017253952","https://openalex.org/W2025205452","https://openalex.org/W2026585416","https://openalex.org/W2027683591","https://openalex.org/W2042317870","https://openalex.org/W2046480857","https://openalex.org/W2057781788","https://openalex.org/W2068742530","https://openalex.org/W2089564048","https://openalex.org/W2104853465","https://openalex.org/W2116250220","https://openalex.org/W2123365287","https://openalex.org/W2143466821","https://openalex.org/W2144112457","https://openalex.org/W2147257465","https://openalex.org/W2151501573","https://openalex.org/W2166590684","https://openalex.org/W2252795400","https://openalex.org/W2273892807","https://openalex.org/W2412987816","https://openalex.org/W2588628768","https://openalex.org/W2784966287","https://openalex.org/W2893950375","https://openalex.org/W3011491733","https://openalex.org/W3033045731","https://openalex.org/W3033649581","https://openalex.org/W3095146934","https://openalex.org/W3166057953","https://openalex.org/W4389379087","https://openalex.org/W4407719596","https://openalex.org/W4409888695","https://openalex.org/W4410775539","https://openalex.org/W4412573204","https://openalex.org/W4414090563","https://openalex.org/W4414396875","https://openalex.org/W4415620163","https://openalex.org/W7160952308","https://openalex.org/W7161773469","https://openalex.org/W7162994233","https://openalex.org/W7172296725"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784966287","https://openalex.org/W4287761519","https://openalex.org/W4389363428","https://openalex.org/W3011491733","https://openalex.org/W4285029213","https://openalex.org/W3208106060","https://openalex.org/W3198332989","https://openalex.org/W4409888695","https://openalex.org/W3208504829","https://openalex.org/W2291848791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,157],"derive":[1],"the":[2,6,20,25,51,55,70,74,118,145,149,176,183,187,194,211,238],"local":[3],"structure":[4],"of":[5,28,34,54,237],"first":[7,142],"common":[8,106,226],"apparent":[9],"horizon":[10,107,219,227],"in":[11,19,103,127,161,233],"a":[12,35,42,78,89,97,110,140,153,205,231,234],"generic":[13],"binary-black-hole":[14],"merger.":[15],"This":[16],"event":[17],"occurs":[18],"fully":[21],"nonlinear":[22],"regime,":[23],"outside":[24],"standard":[26],"regimes":[27],"post-Newtonian":[29],"inspiral":[30],"theory":[31],"and":[32,121,129,152,179,197,207,221],"perturbations":[33],"stationary":[36],"black":[37,164],"hole,":[38],"yet":[39],"it":[40,126],"admits":[41],"universal":[43],"description.":[44],"Without":[45],"assuming":[46],"symmetry,":[47],"we":[48],"show":[49],"that":[50,69,225],"stability":[52,66],"operator":[53],"marginally":[56,112],"outer":[57,113,128],"trapped":[58,114],"surface":[59,195],"must":[60],"lose":[61],"invertibility":[62],"at":[63],"formation.":[64],"Outermost":[65],"then":[67],"implies":[68],"vanishing":[71],"eigenvalue":[72],"is":[73],"principal":[75],"one,":[76],"with":[77,88,139],"strictly":[79],"positive":[80],"eigenfunction.":[81],"Lyapunov-Schmidt":[82],"reduction":[83],"yields":[84],"square-root":[85,150],"branch":[86],"separation":[87,133,151],"shared":[90,154],"linear":[91,101,155],"drift.":[92],"Together":[93],"these":[94,159],"terms":[95],"give":[96],"tilted":[98],"parabola":[99],"through":[100],"order":[102],"time.":[104],"The":[105,216],"lies":[108],"on":[109,210],"smooth":[111],"tube":[115],"tangent":[116],"to":[117,193,202],"formation":[119,212,228],"slice,":[120],"nearby":[122],"later":[123],"slices":[124],"intersect":[125],"inner":[130],"branches":[131],"whose":[132],"scales":[134],"as":[135],"$(t-t_*)^{1/2}$.":[136],"Horizon":[137],"quantities":[138],"nonzero":[141],"response":[143],"along":[144],"zero":[146],"mode":[147],"inherit":[148],"term.":[156],"test":[158],"predictions":[160],"three":[162],"binary":[163],"hole":[165],"simulations,":[166],"including":[167],"an":[168],"eccentric,":[169],"precessing,":[170],"unequal-mass":[171],"system.":[172],"In":[173],"all":[174],"three,":[175],"worldtube":[177],"geometry":[178,196],"quasilocal":[180,198],"scalars":[181],"follow":[182],"predicted":[184],"scaling.":[185],"With":[186],"next-order":[188],"term":[189],"included,":[190],"free-exponent":[191],"fits":[192],"functionals":[199],"recover":[200],"$1/2$":[201],"within":[203,214],"half":[204],"percent,":[206],"diagnostics":[208],"agree":[209],"time":[213],"$5\\times10^{-5}M$.":[215],"correlation":[217],"between":[218],"shear":[220],"gravitational-wave":[222],"news":[223],"suggests":[224],"could":[229],"have":[230],"signature":[232],"short":[235],"segment":[236],"merger":[239],"waveform.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-12T00:00:00"}