{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212077977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","title":"Detection of Pathological Voice Samples Using a Text-to-Speech\u2013Inspired Approach With Multiple Model Architectures: Method Development and Comparative Evaluation Study","display_name":"Detection of Pathological Voice Samples Using a Text-to-Speech\u2013Inspired Approach With Multiple Model Architectures: Method Development and Comparative Evaluation Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212077977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42896146","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13679908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/94285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150937220","display_name":"Marie Sophie Walter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6777-565X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6777-565X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie Sophie Walter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany","Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufefelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen, 45147, Germany, 49 20172377817"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6777-565X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufefelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen, 45147, Germany, 49 20172377817","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102818771","display_name":"Muhittin Demir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8484-9322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8484-9322","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4830-1841"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhittin Demir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8484-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064304390","display_name":"Mattias P. Heinrich\u202c","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7489-1972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7489-1972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mattias Heinrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of L\u00fcbeck, Institute of Medical Informatics, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7489-1972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of L\u00fcbeck, Institute of Medical Informatics, L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088487393","display_name":"Felix Nensa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-7100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-7100"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Nensa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany","Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufefelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen, 45147, Germany, 49 20172377817"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-7100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufefelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen, 45147, Germany, 49 20172377817","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030649192","display_name":"Stephan Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4420-9664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4420-9664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4420-9664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015569188","display_name":"Nadia Sadok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-7621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-7621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Sadok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-7621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021951027","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Hosch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-2342","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-2342"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9 Hosch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany","Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufefelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen, 45147, Germany, 49 20172377817"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-2342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufefelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen, 45147, Germany, 49 20172377817","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021951027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68027942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"e94285","last_page":"e94285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-disorders","display_name":"voice disorders","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-disorder-classification","display_name":"voice disorder classification","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saarbrucken-voice-database","display_name":"Saarbr\u00fccken Voice Database","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"ensemble learning","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hubert","display_name":"HuBERT","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wav2vec-2-0","display_name":"wav2vec 2.0","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavlm","display_name":"WavLM","score":0.9210000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5785999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.24639999866485596}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014832","descriptor_name":"Voice Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/94285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13679908","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13679908/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13679908/pdf/jmir-v28-e94285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Med Internet Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42896146","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42896146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical Internet research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliographie.ub.uni-due.de:ubo_mods_00248464","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&origin=inward&scp=105054345862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055102","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliographie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cc51ae562e414275afdf495490541192","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cc51ae562e414275afdf495490541192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol 28, Pp e94285-e94285 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/94285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/94285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212077977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212077977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4393073927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402112095","https://openalex.org/W7130309715","https://openalex.org/W4221082242","https://openalex.org/W4393408498","https://openalex.org/W4396902943","https://openalex.org/W7221066519","https://openalex.org/W7127534233","https://openalex.org/W4410005381","https://openalex.org/W4417339508","https://openalex.org/W7162078279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Voice":[2,56],"disorders":[3],"are":[4],"common,":[5],"yet":[6],"access":[7],"to":[8,39,60],"timely":[9],"specialist":[10],"assessment":[11],"is":[12],"often":[13,192],"limited.":[14],"Automated":[15],"analysis":[16,351],"of":[17,43,336,365,390],"short":[18],"voice":[19,48,82,89,349],"recordings":[20,74],"may":[21],"support":[22,128,387],"early":[23],"screening,":[24],"but":[25],"achieving":[26,267],"robust":[27,369],"performance":[28,164,255,327,370],"on":[29,47],"heterogeneous":[30,353],"clinical":[31,354,394],"datasets":[32],"remains":[33],"challenging.":[34],"Objective":[35],"This":[36],"study":[37],"aims":[38],"investigate":[40],"the":[41,54,76,172,184,246,251,301,312,323,337,360,377],"impact":[42],"synthetic":[44,103,188,195,198,209,343],"speech":[45,110,344],"augmentation":[46,261,345],"disorder":[49,83,90,350],"recognition":[50,84],"and":[51,59,68,87,99,136,145,149,154,166,208,226,272,293,320,373,383,395],"classification":[52,91,168],"using":[53,162],"Saarbr\u00fccken":[55],"Database":[57],"(SVD)":[58],"develop":[61],"an":[62],"adaptive":[63],"ensemble":[64,299,305],"with":[65,119,153,265,356,376],"learnable":[66,150],"weighting":[67],"optional":[69],"sex":[70,157],"embedding.":[71],"Methods":[72],"Sentence":[73],"from":[75],"SVD":[77],"were":[78,160,190],"used":[79],"for":[80,105,180,218,371],"binary":[81],"(VDR,":[85],"n=1988)":[86],"4-class":[88],"(VDC;":[92],"n=1199).":[93],"Two":[94],"text-to-speech":[95],"(TTS)":[96],"models,":[97,248],"XTTS":[98,217],"Kartoffelbox,":[100],"generated":[101],"1":[102,258,275,286,318,330],"sample":[104],"each":[106],"training":[107],"instance.":[108],"Synthetic":[109],"quality":[111],"was":[112,178,311],"assessed":[113],"in":[114,281,393],"a":[115,156],"blinded":[116,185],"listening":[117],"evaluation":[118,389],"40":[120],"samples":[121,189,199,220,228],"per":[122],"TTS":[123,361],"model.":[124,362],"Baseline":[125],"models":[126],"included":[127],"vector":[129],"machine":[130],"(SVM),":[131],"ResNet-18,":[132],"long":[133],"short-term":[134],"memory,":[135],"transformer-based":[137],"architectures,":[138],"including":[139],"Hidden-Unit":[140],"BERT":[141],"(HuBERT),":[142],"Wav2Vec":[143],"2.0,":[144],"WavLM.":[146],"Ensemble":[147],"learning":[148],"fusion":[151,326,364],"(LF),":[152],"without":[155],"embedding":[158],"(LFS),":[159],"evaluated":[161],"bootstrapped":[163],"estimates":[165],"standard":[167],"metrics.":[169],"Area":[170],"under":[171],"receiver":[173],"operating":[174],"characteristic":[175],"curve":[176],"(AUC)":[177],"reported":[179],"VDR.":[181],"Results":[182],"In":[183,205],"evaluation,":[186],"Kartoffelbox-generated":[187],"less":[191],"identified":[193],"as":[194,234,236],"than":[196,216],"XTTS-generated":[197],"(10/19,":[200],"52.6%":[201],"vs":[202,223,231,242],"17/19,":[203],"89.5%).":[204],"pooled":[206],"original":[207],"ratings,":[210],"Kartoffelbox":[211],"showed":[212,250,278],"higher":[213,237],"pathological-status":[214],"identification":[215],"pathological":[219],"(22/29,":[221],"75.9%":[222],"19/29,":[224],"65.5%)":[225],"nonpathological":[227],"(8/10,":[229],"80.0%":[230],"6/10,":[232],"60.0%),":[233],"well":[235],"diagnostic-class":[238],"assignment":[239],"(20/39,":[240],"51.3%":[241],"14/39,":[243],"35.9%).":[244],"Among":[245],"baseline":[247,314],"HuBERT":[249,266,310],"most":[252],"balanced":[253,291],"VDR":[254],"(accuracy=0.85,":[256],"F":[257,274,285,317,329],"-score=0.84).":[259],"Kartoffelbox-based":[260],"further":[262,290,388],"improved":[263],"performance,":[264],"0.88":[268],"sensitivity,":[269],"0.87":[270],"accuracy,":[271],"0.85":[273],"-score.":[276],"LF":[277,321],"minor":[279],"improvements":[280],"threshold-dependent":[282],"metrics":[283],"(accuracy=0.87,":[284],"-score=0.86),":[287],"while":[288,332],"LFS":[289],"sensitivity":[292],"specificity":[294],"(accuracy=0.88,":[295],"AUC=0.92).":[296],"The":[297],"equal-weight":[298],"achieved":[300,322],"highest":[302,324],"AUC":[303],"among":[304],"approaches":[306],"(AUC=0.93).":[307],"For":[308],"VDC,":[309],"strongest":[313,378],"(accuracy=0.72,":[315],"median":[316],"-score=0.63),":[319],"overall":[325],"(accuracy=0.73,":[328],"-score=0.66),":[331],"laryngitis":[333],"remained":[334],"one":[335],"more":[338],"challenging":[339],"classes.":[340],"Conclusions":[341],"High-quality":[342],"can":[346],"improve":[347],"automated":[348],"across":[352],"data,":[355],"effectiveness":[357],"varying":[358,380],"by":[359,381],"Multimodel":[363],"complementary":[366],"architectures":[367],"provided":[368],"screening":[372],"multiclass":[374],"classification,":[375],"approach":[379],"metric":[382],"task.":[384],"These":[385],"findings":[386],"AI-assisted":[391],"preassessment":[392],"telemedicine":[396],"settings.":[397]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-10T00:00:00"}
