{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212033736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","title":"Which Forms of Caregiver Feedback Support Grammar Learning? A Reinforcement-Learning Study of Child-Like Language Models","display_name":"Which Forms of Caregiver Feedback Support Grammar Learning? A Reinforcement-Learning Study of Child-Like Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212033736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608991","display_name":"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2489.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150872992","display_name":"Jing Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2746051580","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Sciences et Lettres","ror":"https://ror.org/013cjyk83","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90669466","display_name":"\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9dg697","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENS , Universit\u00e9 PSL , EHESS , CNRS , Paris , France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENS , Universit\u00e9 PSL , EHESS , CNRS , Paris , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062271386","display_name":"Marianne Schweitzer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2746051580","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Sciences et Lettres","ror":"https://ror.org/013cjyk83","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114274","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0257sgk90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I143002897","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90669466","display_name":"\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9dg697","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marianne Schweitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 , CNRS , LIS , Marseille , France","ENS , Universit\u00e9 PSL , EHESS , CNRS , Paris , France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 , CNRS , LIS , Marseille , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENS , Universit\u00e9 PSL , EHESS , CNRS , Paris , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135748360","display_name":"Abdellah Fourtassi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2746051580","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Sciences et Lettres","ror":"https://ror.org/013cjyk83","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90669466","display_name":"\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9dg697","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Fourtassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENS , Universit\u00e9 PSL , EHESS , CNRS , Paris , France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENS , Universit\u00e9 PSL , EHESS , CNRS , Paris , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64616075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"56512","last_page":"56525"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-feedback","display_name":"caregiver feedback","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-learning","display_name":"grammar learning","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-directed-language","display_name":"child-directed language","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-models","display_name":"reward models","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-alignment","display_name":"structural alignment","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-feedback","display_name":"emotional feedback","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimal-pairs","display_name":"minimal pairs","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammaticality","display_name":"grammaticality","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childes","display_name":"CHILDES","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"language acquisition","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6083999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779305910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172809","display_name":"Corrective feedback","level":2,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160400","display_name":"Peer feedback","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43236755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56000","display_name":"Naturalism","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608991","display_name":"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.08576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.08576","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.08576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.08576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.08576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.08576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/2026.emnlp-main.2489","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608991","display_name":"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3969625138","display_name":"ILCB: Institute of Language Communication and the Brain","funder_award_id":"ANR-16-CONV-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5420063140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7226374309","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence for the Sciences","funder_award_id":"945304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8158593150","display_name":"Mastering the Art of Conversation in Middle Childhood","funder_award_id":"ANR-21-CE28-0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326256","display_name":"Grand \u00c9quipement National De Calcul Intensif","ror":"https://ror.org/0010d1q40"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212033736.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212033736.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411335800","https://openalex.org/W7127898745","https://openalex.org/W4376159317","https://openalex.org/W7160195065","https://openalex.org/W7001044215","https://openalex.org/W2768200155","https://openalex.org/W7221133493","https://openalex.org/W7152074460","https://openalex.org/W4393119459","https://openalex.org/W7005711968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"interaction":[1],"is":[2],"central":[3],"to":[4,19,31,58,147],"children's":[5],"language":[6,26,46,132,148],"learning,":[7],"but":[8,79],"the":[9,87],"effects":[10,81],"of":[11,14,35,98,131,141],"different":[12,139],"forms":[13,34,140],"caregiver":[15,142],"feedback":[16,36,61,101,106,116,143],"are":[17,42],"difficult":[18],"isolate":[20],"in":[21,82,90],"naturalistic":[22],"data.We":[23],"use":[24],"child-like":[25],"models":[27,41,56],"as":[28],"controlled":[29],"learners":[30],"test":[32],"which":[33],"support":[37,103,128],"grammatical":[38],"development.Small":[39],"GPT-2-style":[40],"pretrained":[43],"on":[44,76],"child-directed":[45],"from":[47],"CHILDES,":[48],"then":[49],"fine-tuned":[50],"with":[51],"reinforcement":[52],"learning":[53,133],"using":[54],"reward":[55],"trained":[57],"capture":[59],"four":[60],"types:":[62],"communicative":[63],"feedback,":[64],"structural":[65],"alignment,":[66],"semantic":[67,112],"contingency,":[68],"and":[69,114],"affective":[70,115],"feedback.Reward":[71],"finetuning":[72],"yields":[73,107],"limited":[74],"gains":[75],"minimal-pair":[77],"evaluations,":[78],"clearer":[80],"free":[83],"generation.Structural":[84],"alignment":[85],"produces":[86],"strongest":[88],"improvements":[89],"grammaticality,":[91,120],"providing":[92],"a":[93],"novel,":[94],"plausible":[95],"mechanistic":[96],"account":[97],"how":[99],"this":[100],"can":[102],"grammar":[104],"learning.Communicative":[105],"more":[108],"moderate":[109],"gains.In":[110],"contrast,":[111],"contingency":[113],"do":[117],"not":[118],"improve":[119],"although":[121],"further":[122],"analyses":[123],"suggest":[124,137],"that":[125,138],"they":[126],"may":[127],"other":[129],"aspects":[130],"beyond":[134],"grammar.These":[135],"results":[136],"make":[144],"complementary":[145],"contributions":[146],"learning.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-09-10T00:00:00"}
