{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211908658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04707","title":"Wireless Foundation Models: State-of-the-Art and Open Challenges","display_name":"Wireless Foundation Models: State-of-the-Art and Open Challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211908658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.04707","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04707","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04707","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150639283","display_name":"Alonso M. Pacheco Huachaca","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huachaca, Alonso M. Pacheco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150671576","display_name":"Juan J. Rodriguez Rodriguez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}],"countries":["BR","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodriguez, Juan J. Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing , University of Campinas , SP , Brazil","Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing , University of Campinas , SP , Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002254555","display_name":"Ahmed Aboulfotouh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6350-9742","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6350-9742"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aboulfotouh, Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039387826","display_name":"Nelson L. S. da Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-602X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-602X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"da Fonseca, Nelson L. S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032076897","display_name":"Carlos A. Astudillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-0981","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-0981"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astudillo, Carlos A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027792197","display_name":"Hatem Abou-Zeid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-5794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-5794"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abou-Zeid, Hatem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"demodulation","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-sensing","display_name":"radio frequency sensing","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/localization","display_name":"localization","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-management","display_name":"beam management","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-sensing","display_name":"spectrum sensing","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-learning","display_name":"transfer learning","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-distribution-generalization","display_name":"out-of-distribution generalization","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-shift","display_name":"distribution shift","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-training-objectives","display_name":"pre-training objectives","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-adaptation","display_name":"model adaptation","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6312000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5368000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52531181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186224","display_name":"Wireless Application Protocol","level":4,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.04707","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04707","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.04707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.04707","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04707","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1384181827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/2022-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1882869124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"405940/2022-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262581582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"405940/2022-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2823776494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88887","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","display_name":"Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/010q4q527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211908658.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211908658.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204142683","https://openalex.org/W7139950574","https://openalex.org/W7113902524","https://openalex.org/W7135393454","https://openalex.org/W7163672561","https://openalex.org/W4416834007","https://openalex.org/W4413967461","https://openalex.org/W7164130403","https://openalex.org/W7166657790","https://openalex.org/W7160441472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"foundation":[1,223],"models":[2,118,224],"(WFMs)":[3],"have":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,54,207],"promising":[8],"approach":[9],"for":[10,59,194,210,219,225],"learning":[11],"reusable":[12,150,222],"representations":[13],"from":[14],"large-scale":[15],"wireless":[16,151,228],"data":[17,196],"and":[18,38,74,89,96,100,103,122,131,137,161,173,186,203,216],"adapting":[19],"them":[20],"to":[21,44,127,179],"downstream":[22,75,128],"tasks.":[23],"However,":[24],"the":[25,65,80,132,212,217],"rapidly":[26],"growing":[27],"literature":[28,81],"remains":[29],"fragmented":[30],"across":[31,158],"modalities,":[32,167],"pretraining":[33,169],"objectives,":[34,170],"architectures,":[35,73,168],"adaptation":[36,171],"strategies,":[37],"evaluation":[39,162,198],"protocols,":[40,172],"making":[41],"it":[42,177],"difficult":[43,178],"assess":[45],"progress":[46],"toward":[47],"broadly":[48],"transferable":[49],"models.":[50,110],"This":[51],"survey":[52],"provides":[53],"systematic":[55],"analysis":[56,141],"of":[57,149],"WFMs":[58,145],"physical-layer":[60,84,227],"applications.":[61],"We":[62,77,188],"first":[63],"introduce":[64],"main":[66],"WFM":[67,214],"design":[68,182],"components,":[69],"including":[70],"pretraining,":[71],"backbone":[72],"adaptation.":[76],"then":[78],"organize":[79],"into":[82],"five":[83],"task":[85,129,159],"families:":[86],"signal":[87],"recognition":[88],"demodulation,":[90],"channel":[91],"representation":[92],"learning,":[93],"RF":[94],"sensing":[95,102],"localization,":[97],"beam":[98],"management,":[99],"spectrum":[101],"monitoring,":[104],"while":[105],"separately":[106],"examining":[107],"multi-task":[108],"PHY":[109],"Across":[111],"these":[112],"categories,":[113],"we":[114],"analyze":[115],"how":[116],"existing":[117],"are":[119],"pretrained,":[120],"adapted,":[121],"evaluated,":[123],"with":[124],"particular":[125],"attention":[126],"diversity":[130],"distinction":[133],"between":[134],"in-distribution,":[135],"partial-shift,":[136],"out-of-distribution":[138],"transfer.":[139],"Our":[140],"shows":[142],"that":[143],"current":[144,213],"provide":[146],"increasing":[147],"evidence":[148,155],"representations,":[152],"but":[153],"this":[154],"varies":[156],"considerably":[157],"families":[160],"settings.":[163],"Differences":[164],"in":[165],"datasets,":[166],"distribution":[174],"shifts":[175],"make":[176],"determine":[180],"which":[181],"choices":[183],"drive":[184],"transfer":[185],"generalization.":[187],"conclude":[189],"by":[190],"identifying":[191],"open":[192],"directions":[193],"improving":[195],"availability,":[197],"rigor,":[199],"generalization,":[200],"efficient":[201],"adaptation,":[202],"real-world":[204],"deployment,":[205],"providing":[206],"unified":[208],"framework":[209],"understanding":[211],"landscape":[215],"requirements":[218],"developing":[220],"more":[221],"future":[226],"systems.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}
