{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211908623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04243","title":"Multi-dimensional Bias in Modeling Multi-dimensional Preferences: Evaluating the Ability of Synthetic Agents to Replace Human Participants in Conjoint Experiments","display_name":"Multi-dimensional Bias in Modeling Multi-dimensional Preferences: Evaluating the Ability of Synthetic Agents to Replace Human Participants in Conjoint Experiments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211908623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.04243","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04243","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04243","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051810904","display_name":"Ho Ting Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3073-303X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3073-303X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung, Ho Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042174740","display_name":"Nachiket Midha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Midha, Nachiket","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Social Science Methods (CASSM) at the University of Oxford for their coordination"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Social Science Methods (CASSM) at the University of Oxford for their coordination","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032673194","display_name":"Victor Yuhang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-9826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-9826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Victor Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Social Science Methods (CASSM) at the University of Oxford for their coordination","Department of Political Science , Stanford University \u2016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Social Science Methods (CASSM) at the University of Oxford for their coordination","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science , Stanford University \u2016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150693151","display_name":"Yiwen Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yiwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Social Science Methods (CASSM) at the University of Oxford for their coordination"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Social Science Methods (CASSM) at the University of Oxford for their coordination","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.4936999976634979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.4936999976634979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.1088000014424324,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.09640000015497208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-agents","display_name":"synthetic agents","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjoint-analysis","display_name":"conjoint analysis","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-elicitation","display_name":"preference elicitation","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-experiment","display_name":"survey experiment","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-stability","display_name":"procedural stability","score":0.9419999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778054375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203973","display_name":"Conjoint analysis","level":3,"score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323737","display_name":"Revealed preference","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.04243","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04243","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.04243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.04243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.04243","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04243","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.04243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211908623.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211908623.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032938251","https://openalex.org/W2036887984","https://openalex.org/W2045656688","https://openalex.org/W2096974619","https://openalex.org/W2098263917","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2320616603","https://openalex.org/W2531419399","https://openalex.org/W2745098867","https://openalex.org/W2789553693","https://openalex.org/W2790070337","https://openalex.org/W2799440783","https://openalex.org/W2802604990","https://openalex.org/W2808883329","https://openalex.org/W2938704169","https://openalex.org/W2963096510","https://openalex.org/W2963466651","https://openalex.org/W2971307358","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3137316587","https://openalex.org/W3173465197","https://openalex.org/W3184144760","https://openalex.org/W4232732512","https://openalex.org/W4292966126","https://openalex.org/W4313559133","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4360836968","https://openalex.org/W4363624465","https://openalex.org/W4366594543","https://openalex.org/W4376117416","https://openalex.org/W4380763235","https://openalex.org/W4382619745","https://openalex.org/W4385066501","https://openalex.org/W4385572634","https://openalex.org/W4387620248","https://openalex.org/W4390807379","https://openalex.org/W4391215636","https://openalex.org/W4402671169","https://openalex.org/W4402741471","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4404569548","https://openalex.org/W4407276287","https://openalex.org/W4409719234","https://openalex.org/W4411272807","https://openalex.org/W4411459860","https://openalex.org/W4411932262","https://openalex.org/W4417080482","https://openalex.org/W7115731840","https://openalex.org/W7170144068","https://openalex.org/W7202175912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168406030","https://openalex.org/W7165555281","https://openalex.org/W7133327076","https://openalex.org/W7172019504","https://openalex.org/W4415088178","https://openalex.org/W7171667736","https://openalex.org/W4417250729","https://openalex.org/W7129068855","https://openalex.org/W7215086408","https://openalex.org/W4397011890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"growing":[1],"interest":[2],"in":[3,13,18,24],"using":[4],"LLMs":[5],"to":[6,49,138],"add":[7],"robustness":[8],"or":[9,124],"reduce":[10],"data-collection":[11],"costs":[12],"survey":[14],"experiments,":[15],"their":[16],"efficacy":[17],"conjoint":[19,46,54],"design---an":[20],"increasingly":[21],"popular":[22],"method":[23],"political":[25],"science---remains":[26],"underexplored.":[27],"This":[28,107],"paper":[29],"addresses":[30],"that":[31,45,109,146],"gap":[32],"by":[33,61],"investigating":[34],"whether":[35],"synthetic":[36,62,113,163],"agents":[37,63,164],"can":[38],"reproduce":[39],"the":[40,58,81,89,97,110,147],"multi-dimensional":[41],"human":[42,66,141,169],"preference":[43],"patterns":[44],"is":[47,129],"designed":[48],"capture.":[50],"It":[51],"replicates":[52],"published":[53],"studies":[55,105],"and":[56,75,91,96,104,119],"compares":[57],"results":[59,98,144],"generated":[60],"with":[64],"original":[65],"data":[67],"along":[68],"three":[69],"dimensions:":[70],"representational":[71],"correspondence,":[72,74],"inferential":[73],"procedural":[76],"stability.":[77],"Our":[78,143],"analysis":[79],"evaluates":[80],"alignment":[82],"of":[83,94,112,131],"choice":[84],"distributions":[85],"as":[86,88,149],"well":[87],"statistical":[90],"substantive":[92],"similarity":[93],"estimates,":[95],"are":[99],"uneven":[100],"across":[101,158],"these":[102],"dimensions":[103],"replicated.":[106],"implies":[108],"validity":[111],"participants":[114],"should":[115],"be":[116],"considered":[117],"claim-dependent":[118],"hierarchical.":[120],"Reproducing":[121],"a":[122,150,165],"figure":[123],"obtaining":[125],"strong":[126],"sign":[127],"agreement":[128],"evidence":[130],"similar":[132],"aggregate":[133],"outputs,":[134],"but":[135],"not":[136],"enough":[137],"support":[139],"replacing":[140],"respondents.":[142],"suggest":[145],"discipline":[148],"whole":[151],"must":[152],"first":[153],"map":[154],"this":[155],"innovation's":[156],"boundaries":[157],"various":[159],"levels":[160],"before":[161],"considering":[162],"robust":[166],"substitute":[167],"for":[168],"samples.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}