{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211898400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.08556","title":"MAD-LEO: A Maneuver-Annotated Orbital Dataset for LEO Satellites with Tiered Multi-Source Evidence","display_name":"MAD-LEO: A Maneuver-Annotated Orbital Dataset for LEO Satellites with Tiered Multi-Source Evidence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211898400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.08556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.08556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.08556","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.08556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.08556","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102969763","display_name":"Zhixin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6455-4561","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6455-4561"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Zhixin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150637619","display_name":"Qi Shi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150640205","display_name":"Xiaofan Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Xiaofan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083327767","display_name":"Linqiang Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-8850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-8850"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge, Linqiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150579170","display_name":"Hua Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102522694","display_name":"Liyan Ben","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben, Liyan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150660624","display_name":"Bendian Nie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nie, Bendian","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Satellite Network Innovation Co., LTD. , Beijing , 100029 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Satellite Network Innovation Co., LTD. , Beijing , 100029 , China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140796512","display_name":"Yuanrui Zhao (14162238)","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Yuanrui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160189523","display_name":"Xiaohan Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xiaohan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11082","display_name":"Spacecraft Dynamics and Control","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-maneuvers","display_name":"satellite maneuvers","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit-satellites","display_name":"low Earth orbit satellites","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbital-collision-risk","display_name":"orbital collision risk","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-line-elements","display_name":"two-line elements","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-orbit-determination","display_name":"precise orbit determination","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-laser-ranging","display_name":"satellite laser ranging","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/starlink-satellites","display_name":"Starlink satellites","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbital-ephemerides","display_name":"orbital ephemerides","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellations","display_name":"satellite constellations","score":0.699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64828349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120200","display_name":"Ephemeris","level":3,"score":0.7750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6668000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81005367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413924","display_name":"Satellite laser ranging","level":4,"score":0.6195999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107768556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302660","display_name":"Orbit determination","level":3,"score":0.6193000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97784730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272626","display_name":"Orbital elements","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4927000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178957599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2918240","display_name":"Orbital decay","level":3,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18949120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275450","display_name":"Space debris","level":3,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189069379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218124","display_name":"Ground track","level":4,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6629501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842433","display_name":"Orbital mechanics","level":3,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154839486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928951","display_name":"Satellite geodesy","level":3,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985143356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426632","display_name":"Laser ranging","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.08556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.08556","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.08556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.08556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.08556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.08556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33446503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33446503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33446503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33446503.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33446503.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33446503.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.08556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.08556","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.08556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211898400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211898400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386167561","https://openalex.org/W4415107943","https://openalex.org/W4366257136","https://openalex.org/W7052429860","https://openalex.org/W3111894486","https://openalex.org/W2803284924","https://openalex.org/W2806295153","https://openalex.org/W7106305062","https://openalex.org/W1626378266","https://openalex.org/W2904191655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,17,131,135,138],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,11,19,31,134],"aerospace":[5],"technology":[6],"and":[7,63,90,137],"large-scale":[9],"deployment":[10],"low":[12],"Earth":[13],"orbit":[14,88],"(LEO)":[15],"constellations,":[16],"risk":[18],"orbital":[20,48],"collisions":[21],"has":[22],"increased,":[23],"creating":[24],"a":[25,46,119],"growing":[26],"demand":[27],"for":[28,50,110],"reliable":[29],"observations":[30],"satellite":[32,91],"maneuvers.":[33],"However,":[34],"public":[35],"datasets":[36],"containing":[37],"real":[38],"maneuver":[39,58,76],"records":[40,117],"remain":[41],"scarce.":[42],"We":[43],"present":[44],"MAD-LEO,":[45],"Maneuver-Annotated":[47],"Dataset":[49],"LEO":[51],"satellites.":[52],"The":[53,104],"mission-reported":[54],"subset":[55,106],"contains":[56],"1,134":[57],"events":[59],"from":[60,74],"eleven":[61],"geodetic":[62],"altimetry":[64],"satellites":[65,113],"spanning":[66],"1992":[67],"to":[68,101],"2026,":[69],"with":[70,96,114],"labels":[71,136],"taken":[72],"directly":[73],"mission-published":[75],"histories.":[77],"Each":[78],"event":[79],"is":[80],"checked":[81],"against":[82],"two-line":[83],"element":[84],"(TLE)":[85],"data,":[86],"precise":[87],"products,":[89],"laser":[92],"ranging":[93],"(SLR)":[94],"observations,":[95],"evidence":[97,139],"tiers":[98],"assigned":[99],"according":[100],"data":[102],"availability.":[103],"operational":[105],"pairs":[107],"operator-published":[108],"ephemerides":[109],"6,785":[111],"Starlink":[112],"cataloged":[115],"TLE":[116],"over":[118],"continuous":[120],"107-hour":[121],"period.":[122],"Technical":[123],"validation":[124],"across":[125],"seven":[126],"machine-readable":[127],"experiment":[128],"suites":[129],"confirms":[130],"cross-source":[132],"consistency":[133],"products.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}
