{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211894604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","title":"A Life Cycle\u2013Based and LEAP-Informed Approach to Demand-Side Carbon Neutrality Strategies: A Case Study of China\u2019s Buildings in the Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macao Greater Bay Area","display_name":"A Life Cycle\u2013Based and LEAP-Informed Approach to Demand-Side Carbon Neutrality Strategies: A Case Study of China\u2019s Buildings in the Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macao Greater Bay Area","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211894604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66250914","display_name":"Journal of Architectural Engineering","issn_l":"1076-0431","issn":["1076-0431","1943-5568"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Architectural Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112352087","display_name":"Nan Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5609-587X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5609-587X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Development Research Institute, CSG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Development Research Institute, CSG","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100750920","display_name":"Zheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-7231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-7231"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Development Research Institute, CSG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Development Research Institute, CSG","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xi Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Development Research Institute, CSG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Development Research Institute, CSG","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150595134","display_name":"Zhen Pan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150603444","display_name":"Chunli Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunli Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129936154","display_name":"Yuting Qi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31637741","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/044rgx723","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31637741"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405265907","display_name":"University of Macau Advanced Research Institute in Hengqin","ror":"https://ror.org/00zrhxy58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4405265907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Univ. of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; formerly, Dept. of Smart Energy, Univ. of Macau Advanced Research Institute Hengqin, Guangdong 519031, China; and State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Univ. of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; formerly, Dept. of Smart Energy, Univ. of Macau Advanced Research Institute Hengqin, Guangdong 519031, China; and State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31637741","https://openalex.org/I4405265907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.7939000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.7939000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.08839999884366989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.044199999421834946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-emissions","display_name":"building carbon emissions","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-neutrality","display_name":"carbon neutrality","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leap-model","display_name":"LEAP model","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-carbon-buildings","display_name":"low-carbon buildings","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guangdong-hong-kong-macao-greater-bay-area","display_name":"Greater Bay Area","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-governance","display_name":"collaborative governance","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-energy-planning","display_name":"urban energy planning","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126172416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774424","display_name":"Carbon neutrality","level":3,"score":0.8722000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513535597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267905","display_name":"Low-carbon economy","level":3,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115880899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124247","display_name":"Bay","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116399919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1770543","display_name":"Material flow analysis","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148803439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4986688","display_name":"Built environment","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190831278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611","display_name":"Building design","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131046424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805337","display_name":"Energy policy","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18785705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario analysis","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-2146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66250914","display_name":"Journal of Architectural Engineering","issn_l":"1076-0431","issn":["1076-0431","1943-5568"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Architectural Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983864079","https://openalex.org/W2055248994","https://openalex.org/W2055713033","https://openalex.org/W2569338647","https://openalex.org/W2590391333","https://openalex.org/W2763003613","https://openalex.org/W2884964709","https://openalex.org/W2894587729","https://openalex.org/W2897776509","https://openalex.org/W2932573930","https://openalex.org/W2944125113","https://openalex.org/W2967597229","https://openalex.org/W2970064715","https://openalex.org/W2981912205","https://openalex.org/W2989959769","https://openalex.org/W3033759331","https://openalex.org/W3049499321","https://openalex.org/W3131549714","https://openalex.org/W3136187425","https://openalex.org/W3139017189","https://openalex.org/W3148568426","https://openalex.org/W3168150594","https://openalex.org/W3185829438","https://openalex.org/W3199011756","https://openalex.org/W3210888429","https://openalex.org/W4200059648","https://openalex.org/W4200336467","https://openalex.org/W4220712273","https://openalex.org/W4223648022","https://openalex.org/W4229379176","https://openalex.org/W4281480883","https://openalex.org/W4300981255","https://openalex.org/W4310071385","https://openalex.org/W4310257958","https://openalex.org/W4312383119","https://openalex.org/W4318828616","https://openalex.org/W4362676893","https://openalex.org/W4387055946","https://openalex.org/W4388439199","https://openalex.org/W4390460651","https://openalex.org/W4391487142","https://openalex.org/W4393278397","https://openalex.org/W4396621827","https://openalex.org/W4396753166","https://openalex.org/W4398147891","https://openalex.org/W4401818694","https://openalex.org/W4402280967","https://openalex.org/W4404813422","https://openalex.org/W4408619908","https://openalex.org/W4410978911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405780824","https://openalex.org/W4386759818","https://openalex.org/W7221509465","https://openalex.org/W4400741795","https://openalex.org/W4283662480","https://openalex.org/W4412435068","https://openalex.org/W4220712273","https://openalex.org/W4296848887","https://openalex.org/W4295713986","https://openalex.org/W4310257958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"climate":[2,34],"change":[3],"becomes":[4],"an":[5],"increasingly":[6],"pressing":[7],"global":[8],"challenge,":[9],"policymakers":[10],"and":[11,62,105,139,159,208,223],"energy":[12,221],"practitioners":[13],"are":[14,178,184],"prioritizing":[15],"low-carbon":[16,235],"development":[17],"in":[18,25,37,55,122,167,241],"the":[19,43,92,96,123,129,164,168,188,234,238],"building":[20,57,93,165,182,224],"sector.":[21],"Achieving":[22],"carbon":[23,52,67,88,117,157,172,189,246],"neutrality":[24,68,118,190,247],"buildings":[26,121],"is":[27,112,147,199],"a":[28,63,81,195,229],"key":[29],"component":[30],"of":[31,237],"China\u2019s":[32,56,244],"national":[33],"strategy,":[35],"particularly":[36],"high-density":[38],"urban":[39,220],"regions":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"Guangdong\u2013Hong":[44],"Kong\u2013Macao":[45],"Greater":[46],"Bay":[47],"Area":[48],"(GBA).":[49],"However,":[50,175],"regional":[51,97,197],"emission":[53],"patterns":[54],"sector":[58,94,166,225],"remain":[59],"insufficiently":[60],"characterized,":[61],"definitive":[64],"pathway":[65],"to":[66,71,86,114,141,149,186,232],"has":[69],"yet":[70],"be":[72],"established.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"this":[76,78],"gap,":[77],"study":[79,213],"applies":[80],"bottom-up,":[82],"scenario-based":[83],"modeling":[84],"approach":[85,198],"quantify":[87],"dioxide":[89],"emissions":[90,151,183],"from":[91],"at":[95],"scale.":[98],"An":[99],"integrated":[100,203],"life":[101,134],"cycle":[102,135],"assessment":[103],"(LCA)":[104],"Long-range":[106],"Energy":[107],"Alternatives":[108],"Planning":[109],"(LEAP)":[110],"model":[111,146],"developed":[113],"explore":[115],"potential":[116],"pathways":[119],"for":[120,217],"GBA.":[124],"The":[125,144],"LCA":[126],"framework":[127],"evaluates":[128],"environmental":[130],"impacts":[131],"across":[132],"all":[133],"phases\u2014from":[136],"material":[137],"production":[138],"transportation":[140],"end-of-life":[142],"disposal.":[143],"LEAP":[145],"used":[148],"simulate":[150],"under":[152],"three":[153],"distinct":[154],"scenarios:":[155],"baseline,":[156],"reduction,":[158],"collaborative.":[160],"Results":[161],"indicate":[162],"that":[163],"GBA":[169],"holds":[170],"considerable":[171],"mitigation":[173],"potential.":[174],"when":[176],"cities":[177],"evaluated":[179],"independently,":[180],"their":[181],"projected":[185],"exceed":[187],"target":[191],"by":[192,202],"2060.":[193],"Therefore,":[194],"coordinated":[196],"essential,":[200],"supported":[201],"policy":[204],"design,":[205],"technological":[206],"innovation,":[207],"collaborative":[209],"governance":[210],"mechanisms.":[211],"This":[212],"provides":[214],"actionable":[215],"insights":[216],"local":[218],"governments,":[219],"planners,":[222],"stakeholders.":[226],"It":[227],"presents":[228],"data-driven":[230],"roadmap":[231],"guide":[233],"transformation":[236],"built":[239],"environment":[240],"alignment":[242],"with":[243],"2060":[245],"objective.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}