{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211893702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","title":"Exercise Modalities, Training Dose, and Circulating Myostatin and Follistatin in Adults: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Exercise Modalities, Training Dose, and Circulating Myostatin and Follistatin in Adults: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211893702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27219657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138460480","display_name":"Chuyuan Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7735-3420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7735-3420"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuyuan Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7735-3420","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150633888","display_name":"Chuwei Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuwei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150639442","display_name":"Sitong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5008-8454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5008-8454"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sitong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5008-8454","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150687789","display_name":"Shenglei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3236-5218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3236-5218"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenglei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3236-5218","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150660807","display_name":"Yan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5150660807"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34153674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"21","first_page":"9657","last_page":"9657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10441","display_name":"Muscle Physiology and Disorders","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10441","display_name":"Muscle Physiology and Disorders","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11585","display_name":"Exercise and Physiological Responses","score":0.05689999833703041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myostatin","display_name":"myostatin","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/follistatin","display_name":"follistatin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-training","display_name":"exercise training","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-modalities","display_name":"exercise modalities","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-dose","display_name":"training dose","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-training","display_name":"resistance training","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circulating-biomarkers","display_name":"circulating biomarkers","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-intervention","display_name":"exercise intervention","score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adults","display_name":"adults","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5583000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020255362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883","display_name":"Physical activity","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778856057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6015458","display_name":"Incremental exercise","level":4,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1558681","display_name":"Interval training","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181588539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219067","display_name":"Physical exercise","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133165541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472094","display_name":"Exercise physiology","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111278954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069312","display_name":"Minimal clinically important difference","level":3,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992879847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel modelling","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781444488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2756206","display_name":"High-intensity interval training","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105054674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707381","display_name":"Mean difference","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27219657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0416.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0416.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0416.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27219657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27219657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535409240","https://openalex.org/W1797469705","https://openalex.org/W1968413670","https://openalex.org/W1982715073","https://openalex.org/W2000874586","https://openalex.org/W2008438711","https://openalex.org/W2024185170","https://openalex.org/W2033924360","https://openalex.org/W2053079324","https://openalex.org/W2061342553","https://openalex.org/W2061709606","https://openalex.org/W2061975955","https://openalex.org/W2069064193","https://openalex.org/W2069796182","https://openalex.org/W2087337686","https://openalex.org/W2095918021","https://openalex.org/W2098381030","https://openalex.org/W2115674959","https://openalex.org/W2119826306","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2149993139","https://openalex.org/W2165010366","https://openalex.org/W2165587690","https://openalex.org/W2193288511","https://openalex.org/W2276186231","https://openalex.org/W2290482622","https://openalex.org/W2299177375","https://openalex.org/W2324553470","https://openalex.org/W2327514615","https://openalex.org/W2344534501","https://openalex.org/W2464924628","https://openalex.org/W2531269403","https://openalex.org/W2560435499","https://openalex.org/W2589413025","https://openalex.org/W2597473306","https://openalex.org/W2740642818","https://openalex.org/W2807530580","https://openalex.org/W2885145541","https://openalex.org/W2885628972","https://openalex.org/W2894801140","https://openalex.org/W2900785865","https://openalex.org/W2946825645","https://openalex.org/W2949834687","https://openalex.org/W2955761492","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2990430406","https://openalex.org/W2994647784","https://openalex.org/W3004678050","https://openalex.org/W3016696310","https://openalex.org/W3019986579","https://openalex.org/W3025498321","https://openalex.org/W3035564112","https://openalex.org/W3036424313","https://openalex.org/W3048382626","https://openalex.org/W3062237544","https://openalex.org/W3087936928","https://openalex.org/W3092126757","https://openalex.org/W3108782569","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3123497531","https://openalex.org/W3152501265","https://openalex.org/W3158577831","https://openalex.org/W3168955626","https://openalex.org/W3174607186","https://openalex.org/W3176042879","https://openalex.org/W3184041007","https://openalex.org/W3204364859","https://openalex.org/W4200473094","https://openalex.org/W4210784812","https://openalex.org/W4211175952","https://openalex.org/W4213119760","https://openalex.org/W4221059200","https://openalex.org/W4281657859","https://openalex.org/W4296982816","https://openalex.org/W4308455066","https://openalex.org/W4313641123","https://openalex.org/W4315706421","https://openalex.org/W4319750636","https://openalex.org/W4380792625","https://openalex.org/W4388550937","https://openalex.org/W4388676805","https://openalex.org/W4392154807","https://openalex.org/W4392752148","https://openalex.org/W4394685054","https://openalex.org/W4399784567","https://openalex.org/W4400012114","https://openalex.org/W4401922563","https://openalex.org/W4402936552","https://openalex.org/W4404491653","https://openalex.org/W4407110965","https://openalex.org/W4407958762","https://openalex.org/W4412660537","https://openalex.org/W4414339371","https://openalex.org/W4414459559","https://openalex.org/W4415026877","https://openalex.org/W7127162446","https://openalex.org/W7139991905","https://openalex.org/W7140768703","https://openalex.org/W7151365462","https://openalex.org/W7161635517","https://openalex.org/W7162545286","https://openalex.org/W7164376593","https://openalex.org/W7165479017"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2269767465","https://openalex.org/W2143328830","https://openalex.org/W2897626257","https://openalex.org/W1984554324","https://openalex.org/W2885628972","https://openalex.org/W4387055088","https://openalex.org/W2165587690","https://openalex.org/W4380792625","https://openalex.org/W4213281625","https://openalex.org/W2003467487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Objectives:":[0],"Structured":[1,65,161],"exercise":[2,12,27,66,162],"may":[3,163],"modulate":[4],"the":[5,110,130],"myostatin\u2013follistatin":[6],"(MSTN\u2013FST)":[7],"axis,":[8],"but":[9,170],"evidence":[10,175],"across":[11,116],"modalities":[13],"and":[14,53,87,105,120,140,143,168,173],"doses":[15],"remains":[16],"uncertain.":[17],"Methods:":[18],"We":[19],"systematically":[20],"searched":[21],"seven":[22],"bibliographic":[23],"databases":[24],"for":[25,46,157],"controlled":[26],"interventions":[28],"lasting":[29],"at":[30],"least":[31],"four":[32],"weeks":[33],"in":[34],"adults":[35],"(PROSPERO":[36],"CRD420261492548).":[37],"Multilevel":[38],"random-effects":[39],"models":[40],"with":[41,69,150],"study-clustered":[42],"CR2":[43],"correction":[44],"accounted":[45],"dependent":[47],"effect":[48],"sizes;":[49],"sensitivity,":[50],"exercise-modality":[51],"subgroup,":[52],"linear":[54],"duration":[55,145],"analyses":[56,133],"were":[57,63],"exploratory.":[58],"Results:":[59],"Thirty-seven":[60],"independent":[61],"studies":[62],"included.":[64],"was":[67,103,146,155],"associated":[68,149],"lower":[70],"circulating":[71,89,166],"MSTN":[72,167],"(16":[73],"effects":[74,92,128],"from":[75,93],"10":[76],"studies;":[77,95],"Hedges\u2019":[78],"g":[79,96],"=":[80,97],"1.79,":[81],"95%":[82,99],"confidence":[83],"interval":[84],"[CI]":[85],"0.62\u20132.96)":[86],"higher":[88],"FST":[90],"(12":[91],"7":[94],"1.62,":[98],"CI":[100],"0.18\u20133.06).":[101],"Heterogeneity":[102],"high":[104],"both":[106,158],"prediction":[107],"intervals":[108],"crossed":[109],"null.":[111],"Effect":[112],"directions":[113],"generally":[114],"persisted":[115],"assumed":[117],"within-study":[118],"correlations":[119],"after":[121],"excluding":[122,126],"HIFT/CrossFit-type":[123],"interventions,":[124],"although":[125],"extreme":[127],"attenuated":[129],"estimates.":[131],"Exploratory":[132],"showed":[134],"no":[135],"clear":[136],"difference":[137],"between":[138],"resistance-based":[139],"non-resistance-based":[141],"exercise,":[142],"program":[144],"not":[147],"linearly":[148],"either":[151],"outcome.":[152],"GRADE":[153],"certainty":[154],"moderate":[156],"outcomes.":[159],"Conclusions:":[160],"favorably":[164],"alter":[165],"FST,":[169],"sparse":[171],"modality-":[172],"dose-specific":[174],"precludes":[176],"identifying":[177],"a":[178],"superior":[179],"modality,":[180],"optimal":[181],"dose,":[182],"confirmed":[183],"intracellular":[184],"mechanism,":[185],"or":[186],"validated":[187],"clinical":[188],"surrogate":[189],"endpoint.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}