{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211889688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05287","title":"Fluctuations of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir: Describing Coherence Properties in a Free-Energy Model","display_name":"Fluctuations of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir: Describing Coherence Properties in a Free-Energy Model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211889688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.05287","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05287","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05287","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05287","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034559507","display_name":"Martin Weitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4236-318X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4236-318X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitz, Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026279740","display_name":"Andreas Redmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6825-2875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6825-2875"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Redmann, Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059582269","display_name":"Riccardo Panico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-3004","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-3004"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panico, Riccardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150621845","display_name":"Leon Kleeblank","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kleeblank, Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136684539","display_name":"Kevin J. H. Peters","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peters, Kevin J. H.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004230318","display_name":"Frank Vewinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-2981","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-2981"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vewinger, Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012697500","display_name":"Julian Schmitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-3777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-3777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schmitt, Julian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","Kirchhoff-Institut f\u00fcr Physik , Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225a , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik , Universit\u00e4t Bonn , Wegelerstr. 8 , 53115 Bonn , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kirchhoff-Institut f\u00fcr Physik , Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225a , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12612","display_name":"Strong Light-Matter Interactions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12612","display_name":"Strong Light-Matter Interactions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-gas","display_name":"photon gas","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-energy-model","display_name":"free energy model","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-coupling","display_name":"reservoir coupling","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spontaneous-symmetry-breaking","display_name":"spontaneous symmetry breaking","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexican-hat-potential","display_name":"Mexican hat potential","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-microcavities","display_name":"optical microcavities","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-range-coherence","display_name":"long-range coherence","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-fluctuations","display_name":"number fluctuations","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8446000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.7638999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.6352999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204795200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903282","display_name":"Symmetry breaking","level":2,"score":0.46650001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69523127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480008","display_name":"Ground state","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168553754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778793","display_name":"Coherence length","level":3,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33980943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898351","display_name":"Identical particles","level":3,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125881977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736716","display_name":"Spontaneous symmetry breaking","level":3,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2116709","display_name":"Translational symmetry","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68717125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735602","display_name":"Quantum optics","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141886431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193821","display_name":"Quantum fluctuation","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.05287","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05287","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05287","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.05287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.05287","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05287","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05287","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1313477796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB TR185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2944710024","display_name":"TRR 185: OSCAR  Kontrolle atomarer und photonischer Quantenmaterie durch ma\u00dfgeschneiderte Kopplung an Reservoire","funder_award_id":"277625399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7613874394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7967295168","display_name":"EXC 2004: Materie und Licht f\u00fcr Quanteninformation (ML4Q)","funder_award_id":"390534769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324233","display_name":"Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","ror":"https://ror.org/0042e5975"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211889688.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211889688.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558456725","https://openalex.org/W2782800106","https://openalex.org/W2216025938","https://openalex.org/W2014942110","https://openalex.org/W2964707058","https://openalex.org/W2461366819","https://openalex.org/W2061432205","https://openalex.org/W3167790446","https://openalex.org/W2141826656","https://openalex.org/W1027976987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photons":[0],"are":[1,10,99],"mutually":[2],"nearly":[3],"noninteracting":[4,60],"particles,":[5],"so":[6],"thermalized":[7],"photon":[8,30,193],"ensembles":[9],"commonly":[11],"obtained":[12],"not":[13],"from":[14,19],"direct":[15],"particle-particle-interactions":[16],"but":[17],"rather":[18],"contact":[20],"with":[21,47,156,200,218],"matter,":[22],"which":[23],"can":[24],"constitute":[25],"a":[26,34,40,56,64,75,83,122,153,157,164,186,192,197,205,212],"reservoir":[27,65],"for":[28,37,59,79,121,188,210],"the":[29,48,52,80,88,93,102,108,127,131,140,147,161,168,175,189],"gas.":[31],"We":[32,144,183],"develop":[33],"theory":[35],"model":[36,187,208],"photons":[38,61],"in":[39,174,196],"material-filled":[41],"(e.g.":[42],"liquid":[43],"dye)":[44],"optical":[45],"microcavity,":[46],"aim":[49],"to":[50,63,92,130,204],"study":[51],"fluctuation":[53],"properties":[54],"using":[55],"free-energy":[57],"description":[58,78],"coupled":[62],"of":[66,87,126,167,177,191,216],"material":[67,89],"electronic":[68],"excitations.":[69],"To":[70],"begin":[71],"with,":[72],"we":[73],"use":[74],"single":[76,158],"mode":[77],"condensate.":[81],"For":[82],"small":[84],"relative":[85,124],"size":[86,125],"reservoir,":[90,128],"corresponding":[91,129],"canonical":[94,133],"regime,":[95,134],"condensate":[96],"number":[97],"fluctuations":[98,135],"small,":[100],"and":[101],"derived":[103],"free":[104,149],"energy":[105,150],"landscape":[106,151],"takes":[107],"usual":[109],"Mexican-hat":[110],"shaped":[111],"form":[112],"such":[113],"that":[114,146],"spontaneous":[115,178],"symmetry":[116,179],"breaking":[117,180],"occurs.":[118],"In":[119],"contrast,":[120],"large":[123,138],"grand":[132],"become":[136],"as":[137,139],"average":[141],"particle":[142],"number.":[143],"show":[145],"resulting":[148],"acquires":[152],"bowl-shaped":[154],"form,":[155],"minimum":[159],"at":[160],"origin.":[162],"Thus,":[163],"macroscopic":[165],"occupation":[166],"ground":[169],"state":[170],"(i.e.,":[171],"Bose-Einstein":[172],"condensation)":[173],"absence":[176],"is":[181],"expected.":[182],"also":[184],"provide":[185],"treatment":[190],"gas":[194],"trapped":[195],"box-shaped":[198],"potential":[199],"spatially":[201],"distributed":[202],"coupling":[203],"reservoir.":[206],"The":[207],"predicts,":[209],"example,":[211],"statistically":[213],"fluctuating":[214],"pattern":[215],"islands":[217],"long-range":[219],"coherence,":[220],"resembling":[221],"transient":[222],"microcondensates.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}