{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211878552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","title":"Design of a Portable Retrieval-Augmented Generation Architecture for Offline Intelligent Tutoring on Resource-Constrained Hardware","display_name":"Design of a Portable Retrieval-Augmented Generation Architecture for Offline Intelligent Tutoring on Resource-Constrained Hardware","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211878552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","pdf_url":"https://revistas.unilibre.edu.co/index.php/entramado/article/download/13645/13839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234059","display_name":"ENTRAMADO","issn_l":"1900-3803","issn":["1900-3803","2539-0279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","publindex-b","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318908","host_organization_name":"Libre University of Colombia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318908"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Libre University of Colombia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entramado","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://revistas.unilibre.edu.co/index.php/entramado/article/download/13645/13839","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123780599","display_name":"Yeison Javier Mu\u00f1oz Gomez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5178-0667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5178-0667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088118","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/0087wh857","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeison Javier Mu\u00f1oz Gomez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5178-0667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123764380","display_name":"Fabian Armando Hoyos Cer\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3338-787X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3338-787X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088118","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/0087wh857","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabi\u00e1n Armando Hoyos-Ceron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3338-787X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067216715","display_name":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Caiza Narv\u00e1ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-5946","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-5946"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088118","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca","ror":"https://ror.org/0087wh857","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Jose Caiza-Narvaez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-5946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegio Mayor del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088118"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-systems","display_name":"intelligent tutoring systems","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-augmented-generation","display_name":"retrieval-augmented generation","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offline-ai","display_name":"offline AI","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-constrained-devices","display_name":"resource-constrained devices","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usb-devices","display_name":"USB devices","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantized-language-models","display_name":"quantized language models","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gguf","display_name":"GGUF","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bm25","display_name":"BM25","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reciprocal-rank-fusion","display_name":"reciprocal rank fusion","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aes-256-gcm-encryption","display_name":"AES-256-GCM encryption","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"internet access","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-resource-education","display_name":"low-resource education","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507366226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42378","display_name":"USB","level":3,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22174128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175869","display_name":"Microcode","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","pdf_url":"https://revistas.unilibre.edu.co/index.php/entramado/article/download/13645/13839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234059","display_name":"ENTRAMADO","issn_l":"1900-3803","issn":["1900-3803","2539-0279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","publindex-b","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318908","host_organization_name":"Libre University of Colombia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318908"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Libre University of Colombia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entramado","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.13645","pdf_url":"https://revistas.unilibre.edu.co/index.php/entramado/article/download/13645/13839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234059","display_name":"ENTRAMADO","issn_l":"1900-3803","issn":["1900-3803","2539-0279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","publindex-b","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318908","host_organization_name":"Libre University of Colombia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318908"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Libre University of Colombia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entramado","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211878552.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211878552.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990134054","https://openalex.org/W2124215204","https://openalex.org/W2136922540","https://openalex.org/W2148972377","https://openalex.org/W2909544278","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W3015883388","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W4231073062","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4307934016","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4385632485","https://openalex.org/W4389676988","https://openalex.org/W4390632065","https://openalex.org/W4391463108","https://openalex.org/W4399530612","https://openalex.org/W4404954244","https://openalex.org/W4405354744","https://openalex.org/W7133233472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133891557","https://openalex.org/W7168299235","https://openalex.org/W7204159026","https://openalex.org/W7131249107","https://openalex.org/W7162136143","https://openalex.org/W228976519","https://openalex.org/W7128000642","https://openalex.org/W1581105901","https://openalex.org/W7092181307","https://openalex.org/W7213869452"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"infrastructure":[1],"dependency":[2],"limits":[3],"the":[4,25,129,132,189],"adoption":[5],"of":[6,27,127,154,171],"intelligent":[7,30],"tutoring":[8,207],"systems":[9],"in":[10,60,99,124,208],"connectivity-restricted":[11],"contexts,":[12],"affecting":[13],"approximately":[14],"2.6":[15],"billion":[16],"people":[17],"without":[18,43,166],"internet":[19],"access.":[20],"Objective:":[21],"This":[22],"article":[23],"presents":[24],"design":[26,51],"a":[28,37,44,102,147,150,163,167,177,197],"portable":[29],"tutor":[31],"that":[32,79,187],"operates":[33],"fully":[34],"offline":[35],"from":[36,131],"USB":[38,134],"device":[39],"on":[40,136,146,162],"mid-range":[41,164],"hardware":[42,141,191],"dedicated":[45,151],"graphics":[46],"processing":[47],"unit.":[48],"Methodology:":[49],"The":[50,119,194],"was":[52],"approached":[53],"through":[54],"Design":[55],"Science":[56],"Research":[57],"(DSR),":[58],"structured":[59],"three":[61,137],"iterative":[62],"cycles":[63],"covering":[64],"component":[65],"selection,":[66],"architectural":[67],"integration,":[68],"and":[69,89,114,122,161,214],"quality":[70,112],"evaluator":[71],"tuning.":[72],"Results:":[73],"A":[74],"reference":[75],"architecture":[76],"is":[77],"proposed":[78],"integrates":[80],"hybrid":[81],"retrieval":[82],"(dense":[83],"vector":[84],"search,":[85],"BM25":[86],"lexical":[87],"retrieval,":[88],"Reciprocal":[90],"Rank":[91],"Fusion),":[92],"local":[93],"inference":[94],"with":[95,106,139,149,210,223],"quantized":[96],"language":[97],"models":[98],"GGUF":[100],"format,":[101],"pedagogical":[103,217],"prompt":[104],"builder":[105],"four":[107],"teaching":[108],"modes,":[109],"an":[110,184],"automatic":[111],"evaluator,":[113],"AES-256-GCM":[115],"encryption":[116],"at":[117],"rest.":[118],"validation,":[120],"technical":[121],"preliminary":[123],"scope,":[125],"consisted":[126],"running":[128],"system":[130],"same":[133],"drive":[135],"machines":[138],"heterogeneous":[140],"profiles:":[142],"it":[143],"operated":[144],"functionally":[145],"computer":[148],"GPU":[152,168],"(latencies":[153],"54":[155],"to":[156,205,220],"111":[157],"seconds":[158],"per":[159],"query)":[160],"laptop":[165],"(7.7":[169],"GB":[170],"RAM,":[172],"2,048-token":[173],"context":[174],"window),":[175],"while":[176],"third":[178],"machine":[179],"lacking":[180],"AVX":[181],"instructions":[182],"exhibited":[183],"execution":[185],"failure":[186],"delimits":[188],"compatible":[190],"floor.":[192],"Conclusions:":[193],"results":[195],"suggest":[196],"technically":[198],"viable":[199],"pathway":[200],"for":[201],"reducing":[202],"access":[203],"barriers":[204],"AI-assisted":[206],"contexts":[209],"limited":[211],"technological":[212],"resources":[213],"connectivity;":[215],"its":[216],"effectiveness":[218],"remains":[219],"be":[221],"evaluated":[222],"end":[224],"users.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}
