{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211870140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05265","title":"Enabling Metallicity Measurements of M-dwarf Microlensing Lenses out to the Galactic Bulge","display_name":"Enabling Metallicity Measurements of M-dwarf Microlensing Lenses out to the Galactic Bulge","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211870140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.05265","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05265","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05265","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123313593","display_name":"Jiyuan Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jiyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China","Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042588314","display_name":"Gregory Maurice Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-2260","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-2260"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Green, Gregory","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006412179","display_name":"Weicheng Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-3463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-3463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zang, Weicheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123496746","display_name":"Hongjing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-8465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-8465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Hongjing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023590520","display_name":"Shude Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8317-2788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8317-2788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Shude","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , Westlake University , Hangzhou 310030 , Zhejiang Province , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/m-dwarfs","display_name":"M dwarfs","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-bulge","display_name":"Galactic bulge","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roman-space-telescope","display_name":"Roman Space Telescope","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-mass-planets","display_name":"low-mass planets","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-line","display_name":"snow line","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planet-formation","display_name":"planet formation","score":0.5770000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125125069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028022","display_name":"Gravitational microlensing","level":3,"score":0.948199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8511000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68271606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625648","display_name":"Photometry (optics)","level":3,"score":0.762499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7336999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777069829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5349805","display_name":"Einstein radius","level":5,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10767094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854155","display_name":"Bulge","level":3,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153465967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718647","display_name":"Angular diameter","level":3,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99465377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217030","display_name":"Metallicity","level":3,"score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68498078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185243","display_name":"Gravitational lens","level":4,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51244244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634","display_name":"Planet","level":2,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195475122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2105737","display_name":"Position angle","level":3,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163479331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44559","display_name":"Exoplanet","level":3,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100905312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206717","display_name":"Planetary system","level":3,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150627866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076893","display_name":"Field of view","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173220165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653711","display_name":"Balmer series","level":4,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.05265","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05265","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.05265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.05265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.05265","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05265","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.05265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211870140.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211870140.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W293041503","https://openalex.org/W1577636405","https://openalex.org/W1612446978","https://openalex.org/W1630925398","https://openalex.org/W1643559063","https://openalex.org/W1678615711","https://openalex.org/W1967245741","https://openalex.org/W1975435710","https://openalex.org/W1988183252","https://openalex.org/W2029003639","https://openalex.org/W2029981899","https://openalex.org/W2036953117","https://openalex.org/W2039457430","https://openalex.org/W2044321955","https://openalex.org/W2049884523","https://openalex.org/W2059365121","https://openalex.org/W2060501361","https://openalex.org/W2068848840","https://openalex.org/W2078945327","https://openalex.org/W2090278907","https://openalex.org/W2095484567","https://openalex.org/W2098655039","https://openalex.org/W2103367868","https://openalex.org/W2106873657","https://openalex.org/W2113781487","https://openalex.org/W2115449016","https://openalex.org/W2125072885","https://openalex.org/W2129207393","https://openalex.org/W2139903532","https://openalex.org/W2140137154","https://openalex.org/W2140611633","https://openalex.org/W2148943602","https://openalex.org/W2151224705","https://openalex.org/W2157805129","https://openalex.org/W2159461336","https://openalex.org/W2161558319","https://openalex.org/W2167635287","https://openalex.org/W2168442220","https://openalex.org/W2193084236","https://openalex.org/W2236406582","https://openalex.org/W2336088992","https://openalex.org/W2339903148","https://openalex.org/W2594445930","https://openalex.org/W2754184899","https://openalex.org/W2765805860","https://openalex.org/W2771411214","https://openalex.org/W2774695731","https://openalex.org/W2788844584","https://openalex.org/W2802486096","https://openalex.org/W2804783271","https://openalex.org/W2811393471","https://openalex.org/W2887752373","https://openalex.org/W2890483778","https://openalex.org/W2901699697","https://openalex.org/W2929083226","https://openalex.org/W2944021872","https://openalex.org/W2944275478","https://openalex.org/W2952729586","https://openalex.org/W2952749065","https://openalex.org/W2993925132","https://openalex.org/W2995074169","https://openalex.org/W3085554164","https://openalex.org/W3097894433","https://openalex.org/W3104318175","https://openalex.org/W3110783003","https://openalex.org/W3120514633","https://openalex.org/W3130344552","https://openalex.org/W3196220169","https://openalex.org/W3213147317","https://openalex.org/W4200004652","https://openalex.org/W4226510669","https://openalex.org/W4280516090","https://openalex.org/W4281725952","https://openalex.org/W4289710316","https://openalex.org/W4292508310","https://openalex.org/W4292953150","https://openalex.org/W4293675661","https://openalex.org/W4293676189","https://openalex.org/W4293717773","https://openalex.org/W4296511236","https://openalex.org/W4297943040","https://openalex.org/W4321116797","https://openalex.org/W4379052587","https://openalex.org/W4390372857","https://openalex.org/W4392120933","https://openalex.org/W4399775570","https://openalex.org/W4400658073","https://openalex.org/W4401810660","https://openalex.org/W4401862351","https://openalex.org/W4406472453","https://openalex.org/W4408399302","https://openalex.org/W4414697972","https://openalex.org/W7134231032","https://openalex.org/W7160900582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145610698","https://openalex.org/W2146334116","https://openalex.org/W6969239814","https://openalex.org/W2134876957","https://openalex.org/W4293685389","https://openalex.org/W2990439551","https://openalex.org/W1965869636","https://openalex.org/W4297900049","https://openalex.org/W4321116797","https://openalex.org/W2122519622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"demonstrate":[1],"that":[2],"metallicity":[3,29],"becomes":[4],"identifiable":[5],"for":[6,175,218,230],"M-dwarf":[7,74],"microlensing":[8,200],"lenses":[9],"out":[10],"to":[11,54,65,91,130,198],"bulge":[12],"distances":[13],"when":[14],"multi-band":[15,97],"lens":[16,68,86,102,115],"photometry":[17,116],"is":[18],"combined":[19],"with":[20,184,202],"the":[21,27,61,67,72,85,101,106,119,141,180,207,211,215,223,227,238],"angular":[22,57],"Einstein":[23,58],"radius,":[24],"thereby":[25,99],"defining":[26],"photometric--microlensing":[28],"method.":[30],"The":[31,56,111],"cool":[32],"atmospheres":[33],"of":[34,155,189,214],"M":[35],"dwarfs":[36],"contain":[37],"abundant":[38],"molecules,":[39],"whose":[40],"broad":[41],"absorption":[42],"bands":[43],"make":[44],"their":[45,231],"positions":[46],"in":[47,81,105,162],"an":[48,151],"optical--NIR":[49],"color--absolute":[50,108],"magnitude":[51,109],"diagram":[52],"sensitive":[53],"metallicity.":[55],"radius":[59],"provides":[60],"mass--distance":[62],"constraint":[63],"needed":[64],"infer":[66],"absolute":[69],"magnitude,":[70],"while":[71],"intrinsic":[73,89,103],"locus":[75],"and":[76,88,122,137,203,233],"reddening":[77],"vector":[78],"are":[79],"non-parallel":[80],"color--color":[82],"space,":[83],"allowing":[84],"extinction":[87],"color":[90],"be":[92,173],"inferred":[93],"simultaneously":[94],"from":[95,192],"its":[96,133],"photometry,":[98],"recovering":[100],"position":[104],"metallicity-sensitive":[107],"diagram.":[110],"method":[112,208],"requires":[113],"three-band":[114],"spanning":[117],"roughly":[118,164],"R,":[120],"Z,":[121],"K":[123],"bands,":[124],"making":[125],"it":[126],"particularly":[127],"well":[128],"suited":[129],"Roman":[131,143,168],"through":[132],"high-resolution":[134],"F062,":[135],"F087,":[136],"F213":[138],"imaging.":[139],"With":[140],"planned":[142],"Galactic":[144],"Bulge":[145],"Time-Domain":[146],"Survey":[147],"(GBTDS)":[148],"observations":[149],"plus":[150],"additional":[152],"$\\sim$8":[153],"hr":[154,161],"F062":[156],"imaging":[157],"per":[158],"field":[159],"($\\sim$40":[160],"total)":[163],"a":[165,185],"decade":[166],"after":[167],"launch,":[169],"host":[170],"metallicities":[171],"could":[172],"measured":[174],"$\\sim$150":[176],"planetary":[177],"systems":[178],"under":[179],"GBTDS":[181,199],"yield":[182],"forecast,":[183],"typical":[186],"$1\u03c3$":[187],"precision":[188],"$\\sim$0.25":[190],"dex":[191],"our":[193],"mock-recovery":[194],"analysis.":[195],"Applied":[196],"homogeneously":[197],"events":[201],"without":[204],"detected":[205],"planets,":[206],"would":[209],"enable":[210],"first":[212],"measurement":[213],"occurrence--metallicity":[216,235],"relation":[217],"cold":[219],"low-mass":[220],"planets":[221],"beyond":[222],"snow":[224],"line,":[225],"constrain":[226],"low-metallicity":[228],"cutoff":[229],"formation,":[232],"extend":[234],"studies":[236],"into":[237],"inner":[239],"Galaxy.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}
