{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7211865832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62347/fdzv7570","title":"Mechanism and intervention strategy of thymus atrophy in cancer immunotherapy","display_name":"Mechanism and intervention strategy of thymus atrophy in cancer immunotherapy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7211865832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62347/fdzv7570","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42724492","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13559303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.62347/fdzv7570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62347/fdzv7570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62347/fdzv7570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198195518","display_name":"American Journal of Cancer Research","issn_l":"2156-6976","issn":["2156-6976"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320994","host_organization_name":"e-Century Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320994"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["e-Century Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Cancer Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13559303/pdf/ajcr0016-3710.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150631573","display_name":"Haohang Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177933477","display_name":"Second Military Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tavpn47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haohang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042699030","display_name":"Fujie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-9879","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-9879"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177933477","display_name":"Second Military Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tavpn47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fujie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150635250","display_name":"Tiantian Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177933477","display_name":"Second Military Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tavpn47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150635024","display_name":"Sheng Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177933477","display_name":"Second Military Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tavpn47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082501237","display_name":"Likun Cui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177933477","display_name":"Second Military Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tavpn47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Likun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177933477"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36896552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"3710","last_page":"3742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymic-atrophy","display_name":"thymic atrophy","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymus-regeneration","display_name":"thymus regeneration","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymopoiesis","display_name":"thymopoiesis","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosenescence","display_name":"immunosenescence","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-dysfunction","display_name":"T cell dysfunction","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tcr-repertoire","display_name":"T cell receptor repertoire","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors","display_name":"immune checkpoint inhibitors","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/car-t-cell-therapy","display_name":"CAR T-cell therapy","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymic-epithelial-cells","display_name":"thymic epithelial cells","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymic-stroma","display_name":"thymic stroma","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antitumor-immunity","display_name":"antitumor immunity","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymic-imaging","display_name":"thymic imaging","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-modulation","display_name":"cytokine modulation","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrine-modulation","display_name":"endocrine modulation","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering","display_name":"tissue engineering","score":0.8140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.7093999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.5942000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780674031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2012719","display_name":"Cancer immunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.5085999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194520","display_name":"Atrophy","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776263037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557686","display_name":"Muscle atrophy","level":3,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983331546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer therapy","level":3,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109335069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421165","display_name":"Experimental pathology","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019816032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575340","display_name":"Cancer treatment","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776120743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271540","display_name":"Mechanism of action","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.62347/fdzv7570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62347/fdzv7570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62347/fdzv7570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198195518","display_name":"American Journal of Cancer Research","issn_l":"2156-6976","issn":["2156-6976"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320994","host_organization_name":"e-Century Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320994"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["e-Century Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Cancer Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13559303","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13559303/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13559303/pdf/ajcr0016-3710.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Cancer Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42724492","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42724492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of cancer research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13559303","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13559303/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13559303/pdf/ajcr0016-3710.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Cancer Res","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3671026030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFC3607500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211865832.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7211865832.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165191192","https://openalex.org/W4394589520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204193653","https://openalex.org/W2087910059","https://openalex.org/W3022816445","https://openalex.org/W3048933529","https://openalex.org/W3215030454","https://openalex.org/W2162144888","https://openalex.org/W7117152463","https://openalex.org/W4391783099","https://openalex.org/W7128792966","https://openalex.org/W2763883091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thymic":[0],"atrophy":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,164],"major":[4],"determinant":[5],"of":[6,114,159,175],"T-cell":[7,16,20,26,58],"dysfunction":[8],"and":[9,28,54,74,84,91,104,107,117,131,142,173],"immunosenescence,":[10],"as":[11,42,44,49],"it":[12],"restricts":[13],"de":[14],"novo":[15],"generation,":[17],"reduces":[18],"the":[19,170],"receptor":[21,57],"(TCR)":[22],"repertoire,":[23],"hastens":[24],"peripheral":[25],"aging,":[27],"disrupts":[29],"central":[30],"immune":[31,40,50],"tolerance.":[32],"It":[33],"presents":[34],"an":[35],"enormous":[36],"barrier":[37],"to":[38,89,168],"antitumor":[39],"surveillance":[41],"well":[43],"current":[45],"cancer":[46,72,176],"immunotherapies":[47],"such":[48],"checkpoint":[51],"inhibitors":[52],"(ICIs)":[53],"chimeric":[55],"antigen":[56],"(CAR-T)":[59],"therapy.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"review,":[63],"we":[64],"discuss":[65],"how":[66,98],"age,":[67],"metabolic":[68],"disorders,":[69],"psychological":[70],"stress,":[71],"pathology,":[73],"cancer-directed":[75],"therapies":[76],"converge":[77],"upon":[78],"thymic":[79,93,115,122,153,160],"epithelial":[80],"cells,":[81],"stromal":[82],"organization,":[83],"hematopoietic":[85],"progenitor":[86],"trafficking":[87],"leading":[88],"structural":[90],"functional":[92,125],"decline.":[94],"We":[95],"then":[96],"describe":[97],"thymopoiesis":[99],"impairment":[100],"reshapes":[101],"tumor":[102],"immunity":[103],"therapeutic":[105],"responsiveness,":[106],"summarize":[108],"noninvasive":[109],"imaging":[110],"methods":[111],"for":[112,121],"assessment":[113],"health,":[116],"highlight":[118],"new":[119],"strategies":[120],"regeneration":[123,154],"or":[124],"replacement":[126],"through":[127],"pharmacologic":[128],"agents,":[129],"cytokine":[130],"endocrine":[132],"modulation,":[133],"mRNA-based":[134],"trophic":[135],"factor":[136],"delivery,":[137],"cell":[138],"replacement,":[139],"tissue":[140],"engineering,":[141],"thymus-centered":[143],"CAR-T":[144],"platforms.":[145],"Despite":[146],"significant":[147],"translational":[148],"challenges,":[149],"rapid":[150],"advances":[151],"in":[152],"biology":[155],"suggest":[156],"that":[157],"restoration":[158],"function":[161],"may":[162],"be":[163],"rational":[165],"host-directed":[166],"approach":[167],"enhance":[169],"depth,":[171],"duration,":[172],"safety":[174],"immunotherapy.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-08T00:00:00"}