{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208836992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","title":"The Evolution of CT-Based Robotic Systems in Total Knee Arthroplasty: From Precision Tools to Intelligent Surgical Partners","display_name":"The Evolution of CT-Based Robotic Systems in Total Knee Arthroplasty: From Precision Tools to Intelligent Surgical Partners","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208836992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713402","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13552122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764394085","display_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports","issn_l":"2250-0685","issn":["2250-0685","2321-3817"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318662","host_organization_name":"Indian Orthopaedic Research Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318662"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indian Orthopaedic Research Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016581284","display_name":"Kunal Aneja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2110-8275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2110-8275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802464703","display_name":"Max Super Speciality Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00e7r7m66","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802464703","https://openalex.org/I307255591"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kunal Aneja","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 Consultant Orthopaedic surgeon, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, New Delhi, India 2 Managing Director, Naveda Healthcare Center, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 Consultant Orthopaedic surgeon, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, New Delhi, India 2 Managing Director, Naveda Healthcare Center, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802464703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109672916","display_name":"Ponnanna Karineravanda Machaiah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-9892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-9892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111950","display_name":"Sparsh Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02at8py67","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111950"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ponnanna Karineravanda Machaiah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consultant Orthopaedic surgeon, Sparsh Hospital, Yeshwanthpur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consultant Orthopaedic surgeon, Sparsh Hospital, Yeshwanthpur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049768234","display_name":"Ashok Kumar Shyam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-0214","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-0214"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131763","display_name":"Sancheti Institute For Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation","ror":"https://ror.org/03yyfkv62","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131763"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Shyam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics, Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pune, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics, Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pune, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131763"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016581284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802464703"],"apc_list":{"value":250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":250},"apc_paid":{"value":250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":250},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10562","display_name":"Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10562","display_name":"Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10442","display_name":"Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-knee-arthroplasty","display_name":"total knee arthroplasty","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-navigation","display_name":"computer-assisted navigation","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-specific-instrumentation","display_name":"patient-specific instrumentation","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implant-positioning","display_name":"implant positioning","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-alignment","display_name":"mechanical alignment","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-preparation","display_name":"bone preparation","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-deformity","display_name":"knee deformity","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-planning","display_name":"surgical planning","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-biomechanics","display_name":"knee biomechanics","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-tissue-balancing","display_name":"soft tissue balancing","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-satisfaction","display_name":"patient satisfaction","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implant-survival","display_name":"implant survival","score":0.3919999897480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6298999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781411149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486975","display_name":"Implant","level":2,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017871827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1693864","display_name":"Total knee arthroplasty","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017684034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942348","display_name":"Surgical robot","level":3,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778336525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708178","display_name":"Arthroplasty","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776627","display_name":"Surgical planning","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019611579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6641956","display_name":"Surgical procedures","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103203806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942348","display_name":"Robotic surgery","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43540301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689971","display_name":"Paradigm shift","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908736133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37425","display_name":"Knee Joint","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764394085","display_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports","issn_l":"2250-0685","issn":["2250-0685","2321-3817"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318662","host_organization_name":"Indian Orthopaedic Research Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318662"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indian Orthopaedic Research Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13552122","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13552122/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13552122/pdf/JOCR20261609.0.00001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Orthop Case Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42713402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of orthopaedic case reports","raw_type":"Editorial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:addfb91a284341e9b98b80143fdf071e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/addfb91a284341e9b98b80143fdf071e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports, Vol 16, Iss 9, Pp 01-06 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2026.v16.i09.7964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764394085","display_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports","issn_l":"2250-0685","issn":["2250-0685","2321-3817"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318662","host_organization_name":"Indian Orthopaedic Research Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318662"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indian Orthopaedic Research Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208836992.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208836992.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2407195042","https://openalex.org/W2509978340","https://openalex.org/W2891088257","https://openalex.org/W3039221284","https://openalex.org/W3043098844","https://openalex.org/W3114317323","https://openalex.org/W3164801317","https://openalex.org/W3197250976","https://openalex.org/W4283165863","https://openalex.org/W4297199330","https://openalex.org/W4388193101","https://openalex.org/W4388905324","https://openalex.org/W4399410932","https://openalex.org/W4402115731","https://openalex.org/W4407908364","https://openalex.org/W4412429636","https://openalex.org/W4412947704","https://openalex.org/W4414377127","https://openalex.org/W4415077821","https://openalex.org/W7130548449","https://openalex.org/W7134114261","https://openalex.org/W7164506179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W106935646","https://openalex.org/W4394856204","https://openalex.org/W4403240381","https://openalex.org/W4402115731","https://openalex.org/W2789903962","https://openalex.org/W4394623400","https://openalex.org/W4285221537","https://openalex.org/W7196955943","https://openalex.org/W3128743229","https://openalex.org/W4399172118"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Over":[1,933],"the":[2,6,57,71,130,134,145,192,199,212,217,222,347,399,407,424,457,461,471,508,539,543,555,559,657,666,702,716,745,751,780,788,866,934,938,958,981,989,1128,1140,1203,1219,1226,1243,1255],"past":[3,935,1141],"three":[4,936],"decades,":[5,937],"goals":[7],"of":[8,61,73,136,147,194,201,225,229,242,343,423,430,456,480,532,547,572,578,617,636,659,708,718,734,763,852,882,899,910,940,960,992,1133,1156,1206,1221,1258],"total":[9],"knee":[10,26,62,103,226,306,1192],"arthroplasty":[11,104,353,1158,1193,1260],"(TKA)":[12],"have":[13,69,169,799,956,1167,1172,1210,1242],"evolved":[14,170,856],"beyond":[15,803,948],"achieving":[16,113,315,569],"durable":[17],"implant":[18,44,115,248,317,363,438,1071,1103,1111],"fixation":[19],"and":[20,30,49,59,100,121,160,178,209,215,264,272,310,319,328,362,388,437,469,600,727,770,783,816,837,846,930,977,996,1006,1017,1058,1070,1114,1127,1164,1182,1190,1202,1253],"pain":[21],"relief":[22],"toward":[23],"restoring":[24],"patient-specific":[25],"biomechanics,":[27],"functional":[28,1060],"alignment,":[29,309,974],"a":[31,291,369,443,494,570,775,869,984,999,1145,1185],"more":[32,176,444,474,1000,1050],"natural-feeling":[33],"joint.":[34],"This":[35,124,426,653,712],"paradigm":[36],"shift":[37,1187],"has":[38,85,93,108,126,283,854,944,987,997,1042,1136,1217],"been":[39,127,1044,1173,1218],"driven":[40,128],"by":[41,129,354,645,649,918,923],"advances":[42],"in":[43,191,304,332,497,527,538,551,737,778,895,1030,1065,1121,1261],"design,":[45,1112],"alignment":[46,252,256,293,361,994],"philosophies,":[47],"imaging,":[48],"digital":[50,352],"surgical":[51,90,119,180,326,458,467,628,772,847,863,876,1018,1115,1237],"technologies,":[52],"all":[53],"aimed":[54],"at":[55],"improving":[56,144,722,949,1199],"precision":[58,1259],"reproducibility":[60],"reconstruction.":[63],"Against":[64],"this":[65,184,281,801,1212],"backdrop,":[66],"few":[67],"innovations":[68,1241],"influenced":[70],"practice":[72,929,1159,1177],"TKA":[74,243,639,1097],"as":[75,77,643,648,677,787,809,1225],"profoundly":[76],"computed":[78],"tomography":[79],"(CT)-based":[80],"robotic":[81,140,167,196,411,519,549,623,661,719,756,797,820,834,884,942,954,1170,1208,1228],"systems.":[82],"Their":[83],"evolution":[84,125,193,635,881,939],"not":[86,917,1099],"simply":[87],"introduced":[88,687],"another":[89],"technology;":[91],"it":[92,288],"fundamentally":[94,368,414,664],"changed":[95,665],"how":[96,188,506],"surgeons":[97,208,389,610,971,1020],"plan,":[98,558],"execute,":[99],"increasingly":[101,838,1153],"personalize":[102],"[1].":[105],"The":[106,239,341,530,634,850,879,908,1131],"focus":[107],"therefore":[109,521,641,855],"shifted":[110],"from":[111,857,872,886,962,1144],"merely":[112],"accurate":[114,963,1102],"positioning":[116,249,318,979],"to":[117,132,220,235,245,276,393,460,486,565,613,626,656,704,860,874,889,926,966,972,1148,1245],"data-driven":[118],"planning":[120,373,417,450,459,492,1234],"execution":[122,476,573,720,848,859,1238],"[2].":[123],"need":[131],"overcome":[133],"limitations":[135,405],"conventional":[137,449,579,887,1034],"TKA.":[138,760],"Early":[139,517],"systems":[141,168,197,520,587,675,943,1209],"focused":[142,522],"on":[143,207,262,325,359,378,385,505,523,1014,1101,1107,1250],"consistency":[146,574],"bone":[148,381,431,528,563,618,672,768,844,964],"preparation":[149,382,673,965],"through":[150,418],"autonomous":[151,586,858],"execution,":[152,387],"whereas":[153],"subsequent":[154],"semi-active":[155,660,785],"platforms":[156,798,955,1171],"enhanced":[157],"surgeon":[158,646,703,725],"control":[159,616,707],"facilitated":[161],"wider":[162,1256],"clinical":[163,501,728,928,1083,1094,1162],"adoption.":[164,606],"Today,":[165],"CT-based":[166,195,410,464,518,755,764,792,796,883,941,1134,1232],"into":[171,744,1027,1151,1175],"intelligent":[172,839,875,891],"technologies":[173,218,1223],"that":[174,290,575,577,621,690,841,1117],"support":[175,1254],"informed":[177],"individualized":[179],"decision-making":[181,864],"[3].":[182],"In":[183,1195],"editorial,":[185],"we":[186],"examine":[187],"each":[189],"stage":[190],"addressed":[198],"shortcomings":[200],"its":[202,500,919,924],"predecessor,":[203],"discuss":[204],"their":[205,946],"impact":[206],"patients,":[210],"acknowledge":[211],"remaining":[213],"challenges,":[214],"consider":[216],"likely":[219],"shape":[221],"next":[223],"generation":[224],"arthroplasty.":[227],"Evolution":[228,479,898],"Surgical":[230,372,481,488,535,684,736],"Planning:":[231],"From":[232,483],"Mechanical":[233],"Alignment":[234],"Three-Dimensional":[236],"Patient-Specific":[237],"Reconstruction":[238],"primary":[240],"objective":[241],"was":[244,374,640,741],"achieve":[246],"reproducible":[247],"using":[250],"standardized":[251],"principles,":[253],"predominantly":[254],"mechanical":[255,1007],"(MA)":[257],"[4].":[258],"Conventional":[259],"instrumentation":[260,580,888,1035],"relied":[261,383],"intramedullary":[263],"extramedullary":[265],"guides":[266],"together":[267],"with":[268,334,1046,1076,1235],"two-dimensional":[269],"(2D)":[270],"radiographs":[271],"intraoperative":[273,329,357,379,602,723,968,1025],"anatomical":[274,446,1004],"landmarks":[275],"determine":[277],"component":[278,978,1155],"orientation.":[279],"Although":[280],"approach":[282,714,1002],"produced":[284],"excellent":[285],"long-term":[286],"survivorship,":[287],"assumes":[289],"single":[292],"philosophy":[294],"can":[295,1021],"be":[296,512,1037],"applied":[297],"uniformly":[298],"across":[299,1178],"patients":[300],"despite":[301,1085],"considerable":[302],"variability":[303,526],"native":[305],"anatomy,":[307],"constitutional":[308],"bony":[311],"morphology":[312],"[2,4].":[313],"Consequently,":[314],"precise":[316],"soft-tissue":[320,1048],"balance":[321],"remained":[322,367],"highly":[323],"dependent":[324],"experience":[327,1163],"judgement,":[330],"particularly":[331,1029],"knees":[333],"severe":[335],"deformity":[336,435],"or":[337,693],"atypical":[338],"anatomy":[339,396],"[5].":[340],"introduction":[342,531],"computer-assisted":[344],"navigation":[345,366],"represented":[346,493],"first":[348,544],"major":[349,495],"step":[350],"towards":[351,1188],"providing":[355,442],"real-time":[356],"information":[358],"limb":[360],"positioning.":[364],"However,":[365,1063],"guidance":[370],"technology.":[371],"still":[375],"largely":[376],"based":[377],"assessment,":[380,969],"entirely":[384],"manual":[386],"had":[390],"limited":[391,604],"ability":[392,925],"visualize":[394],"patient":[395,931,1109,1122],"before":[397,440],"entering":[398],"operating":[400],"theatre":[401],"(OT)":[402],"[6].":[403],"These":[404,1089],"paved":[406],"way":[408],"for":[409,473,759,791],"systems,":[412,662,885,1252],"which":[413,663,749,1230],"transformed":[415],"preoperative":[416,462,498,556,765,1233],"high-resolution":[419],"three-dimensional":[420],"(3D)":[421],"reconstruction":[422],"knee.":[425],"allowed":[427],"detailed":[428],"assessment":[429],"morphology,":[432],"rotational":[433],"landmarks,":[434],"patterns,":[436],"sizing":[439],"surgery,":[441],"comprehensive":[445],"understanding":[447],"than":[448,631,670,1011],"methods":[451],"[1,7].":[452],"By":[453],"shifting":[454],"much":[455,644],"stage,":[463],"robotics":[465,786,853,961,986],"improved":[466],"preparedness":[468],"established":[470,784,1154],"foundation":[472],"consistent":[475],"during":[477,514],"surgery.":[478,553],"Execution:":[482],"Autonomous":[484],"Automation":[485],"Intelligent":[487],"Assistance":[489],"While":[490],"3D-CT":[491],"advance":[496],"decision-making,":[499,1028],"value":[502,947],"ultimately":[503,915],"depended":[504],"accurately":[507],"planned":[509],"resections":[510],"could":[511],"reproduced":[513],"surgery":[515],"[8].":[516],"minimizing":[524],"human":[525],"preparation.":[529],"ROBODOC":[533],"(Integrated":[534],"Systems,":[536],"USA)":[537,686],"early":[540,1055],"1990s":[541],"marked":[542],"successful":[545,622,1096],"application":[546],"active":[548],"technology":[550,624,740,1146],"orthopaedic":[552],"Using":[554],"CT":[557],"system":[560],"autonomously":[561],"milled":[562],"according":[564],"predefined":[566,697],"resection":[567,698],"parameters,":[568],"level":[571],"exceeded":[576],"[1,9].":[581],"Despite":[582],"these":[583],"technological":[584,912],"achievements,":[585],"faced":[588],"important":[589,1093,1215],"practical":[590],"limitations.":[591],"Complex":[592],"workflows,":[593],"prolonged":[594],"operative":[595],"times,":[596],"high":[597],"infrastructure":[598],"costs,":[599],"reduced":[601,1054],"flexibility":[603],"widespread":[605],"More":[607],"importantly,":[608],"many":[609,1077],"were":[611],"reluctant":[612],"relinquish":[614],"direct":[615],"preparation,":[619,769],"highlighting":[620],"needed":[625],"complement":[627],"judgement":[629],"rather":[630],"replace":[632],"it.":[633],"robotic-assisted":[637,1236],"(RA)":[638],"shaped":[642],"acceptance":[647,729,782,991],"engineering":[650,920],"innovation":[651,913],"[1,3,9].":[652],"realization":[654],"led":[655],"development":[658,1220],"surgeon\u2013robot":[667],"relationship.":[668],"Rather":[669,1010],"performing":[671],"autonomously,":[674],"such":[676,808,1224],"Robotic":[678],"Arm":[679],"Interactive":[680],"Orthopaedic":[681],"(RIO)":[682],"(MAKO":[683],"Corp.,":[685],"haptic":[688,805],"boundaries":[689],"constrained":[691],"saw":[692],"burr":[694],"movement":[695],"within":[696],"limits":[699],"while":[700,721,1265],"allowing":[701],"retain":[705],"complete":[706],"instrument":[709],"manipulation":[710],"[10].":[711],"collaborative":[713],"preserved":[715],"accuracy":[717,951],"flexibility,":[724],"confidence,":[726],"[2,3].":[730],"Following":[731],"Stryker\u2019s":[732],"acquisition":[733],"MAKO":[735,746],"2013,":[738],"RIO":[739],"further":[742],"developed":[743],"robotic-arm":[747],"platform,":[748,1229],"became":[750],"most":[752],"widely":[753],"adopted":[754],"platform":[757,821],"worldwide":[758],"Its":[761],"integration":[762],"planning,":[766],"haptic-guided":[767],"streamlined":[771],"workflow":[773],"played":[774],"pivotal":[776],"role":[777,851,959],"accelerating":[779],"global":[781,1186],"contemporary":[789,890,1157],"standard":[790],"RATKA":[793,1041,1135],"[11].":[794],"Contemporary":[795],"continued":[800],"progression":[802],"simple":[804],"guidance.":[806],"Systems":[807],"CUVIS":[810],"Joint":[811],"(CUREXO":[812],"Inc.,":[813],"South":[814],"Korea)":[815],"India\u2019s":[817],"indigenous":[818,1222],"MISSO":[819,1227],"(Meril":[822],"Healthcare":[823],"Pvt.":[824],"Ltd.,":[825],"Vapi,":[826],"India)":[827],"integrate":[828,1023],"advanced":[829,1207],"optical":[830],"tracking,":[831],"dynamic":[832],"registration,":[833],"arm":[835],"technology,":[836],"software":[840],"continuously":[842],"monitors":[843],"position":[845],"[12].":[849],"actively":[861],"assisting":[862],"throughout":[865,980],"procedure,":[867],"reflecting":[868,1184],"broader":[870],"transition":[871],"automation":[873],"assistance":[877],"[2,12].":[878],"progressive":[880],"platforms,":[892],"is":[893,914],"summarized":[894],"Table":[896],"1.":[897],"Clinical":[900],"Value:":[901],"What":[902],"Has":[903],"CT-Based":[904],"Robotics":[905],"Really":[906],"Changed?":[907],"success":[909],"any":[911],"determined":[916],"sophistication":[921],"but":[922,1105],"improve":[927,1246],"care.":[932],"expanded":[945,957,1137,1204],"bone-cut":[950],"[1,5].":[952],"Modern":[953],"quantitative":[967],"enabling":[970],"evaluate":[973],"ligament":[975],"balance,":[976],"procedure.":[982],"As":[983,1161],"result,":[985],"supported":[988],"growing":[990],"personalized":[993],"philosophies":[995],"encouraged":[998],"balanced":[1001],"between":[1003],"restoration":[1005],"stability":[1008],"[13].":[1009],"relying":[1012],"solely":[1013],"visual":[1015],"estimation":[1016],"experience,":[1019],"now":[1022],"measurable":[1024],"data":[1026],"complex":[1031],"deformities":[1032],"where":[1033],"may":[1036],"less":[1038,1074],"reliable":[1039],"[2,5].":[1040],"also":[1043,1106],"associated":[1045],"fewer":[1047],"releases,":[1049],"predictable":[1051],"gap":[1052],"balancing,":[1053],"postoperative":[1056],"pain,":[1057],"faster":[1059],"recovery":[1061],"[14].":[1062],"improvements":[1064],"patient-reported":[1066],"outcome":[1067],"measures":[1068],"(PROMs)":[1069],"survivorship":[1072],"remain":[1073],"consistent,":[1075],"comparative":[1078],"studies":[1079],"demonstrating":[1080],"equivalent":[1081],"medium-term":[1082],"outcomes":[1084],"superior":[1086],"radiological":[1087],"accuracy.":[1088],"findings":[1090],"highlight":[1091],"an":[1092,1152],"reality:":[1095],"depends":[1098],"only":[1100],"placement":[1104],"appropriate":[1108],"selection,":[1110],"rehabilitation,":[1113],"judgment":[1116],"supports":[1118],"continuous":[1119],"improvement":[1120],"care":[1123],"[3,15,16].":[1124],"Global":[1125],"Adoption":[1126],"Indian":[1129],"Perspective":[1130],"adoption":[1132,1257],"steadily":[1138],"over":[1139],"decade,":[1142],"evolving":[1143],"confined":[1147],"specialized":[1149],"centres":[1150],"worldwide.":[1160],"supporting":[1165],"evidence":[1166],"grown,":[1168],"several":[1169],"integrated":[1174],"routine":[1176],"North":[1179],"America,":[1180],"Europe,":[1181],"Asia,":[1183],"precision-guided":[1189],"technology-enabled":[1191],"[17].":[1194],"India,":[1196],"increasing":[1197],"awareness,":[1198],"healthcare":[1200,1263],"infrastructure,":[1201],"availability":[1205],"accelerated":[1211],"transition.":[1213],"An":[1214],"milestone":[1216],"combines":[1231],"[18].":[1239],"Such":[1240],"potential":[1244],"accessibility,":[1247],"reduce":[1248],"dependence":[1249],"imported":[1251],"resource-conscious":[1262],"settings":[1264],"fostering":[1266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}