{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208833266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","title":"A two-stage evaluation of large language models for guideline-based Q&A and draft rehabilitation planning in stroke care","display_name":"A two-stage evaluation of large language models for guideline-based Q&A and draft rehabilitation planning in stroke care","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208833266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42703353","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13546465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20552076261484840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188408","display_name":"Digital Health","issn_l":"2055-2076","issn":["2055-2076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035371717","display_name":"Yi-Lin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5836-8937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5836-8937"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Lin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5836-8937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150371262","display_name":"Liao-Lin Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liao-Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128440227","display_name":"Ping-Ping Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping-Ping Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150330239","display_name":"Zhen-Zhen Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen-Zhen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150272181","display_name":"Ye-Ping Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye-Ping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136796512","display_name":"Yang-Shuo Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8260-1278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8260-1278"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang-Shuo Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150115381","display_name":"Xin-Hui Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin-Hui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128451457","display_name":"Chun-Meng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-673X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-673X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Meng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128616259","display_name":"Jia-Wei Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7997-4806","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7997-4806"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-Wei Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121605064","display_name":"Ting-Ting null Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6035-364X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6035-364X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Ting Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026491390","display_name":"Dao-Fang Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-142X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-142X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dao-Fang Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026491390","https://openalex.org/A5121605064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"20552076261484840","last_page":"20552076261484840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12664","display_name":"Clinical practice guidelines implementation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-rehabilitation-planning","display_name":"stroke rehabilitation planning","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-question-answering","display_name":"medical question answering","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-guidelines","display_name":"clinical guidelines","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepseek","display_name":"DeepSeek","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"readability","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-quality","display_name":"response quality","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinician-evaluation","display_name":"clinician evaluation","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-care","display_name":"stroke care","score":0.36899998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.741599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6186000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53084192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1485121","display_name":"Gee","level":3,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102959455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313954","display_name":"Repeated measures design","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27403532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532474","display_name":"Generalized estimating equation","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33516993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068173","display_name":"Kano model","level":4,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11237593","display_name":"Objective structured clinical examination","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20552076261484840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188408","display_name":"Digital Health","issn_l":"2055-2076","issn":["2055-2076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13546465","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13546465/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13546465/pdf/10.1177_20552076261484840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42703353","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42703353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80f5c8dd38cb45c8813f8836bf0f829f","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80f5c8dd38cb45c8813f8836bf0f829f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Digital Health, Vol 12 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20552076261484840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261484840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188408","display_name":"Digital Health","issn_l":"2055-2076","issn":["2055-2076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208833266.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208833266.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307179895","https://openalex.org/W4318919553","https://openalex.org/W4321459121","https://openalex.org/W4386592038","https://openalex.org/W4387445706","https://openalex.org/W4391951883","https://openalex.org/W4392591367","https://openalex.org/W4392643126","https://openalex.org/W4393388987","https://openalex.org/W4393856236","https://openalex.org/W4396775758","https://openalex.org/W4402042355","https://openalex.org/W4402643366","https://openalex.org/W4403611770","https://openalex.org/W4404867821","https://openalex.org/W4406627984","https://openalex.org/W4410343845","https://openalex.org/W4410589507","https://openalex.org/W4411004426","https://openalex.org/W4411330206","https://openalex.org/W4412780928","https://openalex.org/W4412786083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220914390","https://openalex.org/W7128345327","https://openalex.org/W4412786083","https://openalex.org/W7084082126","https://openalex.org/W7165026886","https://openalex.org/W4408086846","https://openalex.org/W7163365477","https://openalex.org/W7164852151","https://openalex.org/W4410343845","https://openalex.org/W7166052788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"To":[1],"evaluate":[2],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5,51,78],"(LLMs)":[6],"for":[7,83,133,142,188,270],"stroke":[8,86,293],"care":[9],"in":[10,210,235,291],"guideline-based":[11,261],"question":[12],"answering":[13],"(Q&A)":[14],"and":[15,27,62,104,118,136,149,169,202,233,255,284],"individualized":[16,80],"draft":[17,271],"rehabilitation-plan":[18,272],"generation,":[19],"with":[20,88,196],"explicit":[21],"assessment":[22],"of":[23],"response":[24],"quality,":[25],"readability,":[26,102,231],"repeated-generation":[28],"score":[29,240],"stability.":[30],"Methods:":[31],"A":[32],"two-stage":[33],"study":[34],"was":[35,112,121],"conducted.":[36],"Stage":[37,56,59,74,134,137,155,173,222],"1:":[38],"Four":[39],"LLMs":[40],"generated":[41,79,192],"best":[42],"answers":[43],"to":[44,55,140],"100":[45],"stroke-related":[46],"questions;":[47],"the":[48,76,115,124,159,179,208,236],"top":[49],"two":[50,77],"by":[52,164],"accuracy":[53,161],"advanced":[54],"2.":[57],"In":[58,73,154,172,221],"2a,":[60,174],"ChatGPT-o3":[61,165,191,224,254,265],"DeepSeek":[63,157,227,256],"answered":[64],"20":[65],"guideline-derived":[66],"clinical":[67,147,193,279],"questions,":[68],"each":[69],"repeated":[70,143],"three":[71,89],"times.":[72],"2b,":[75,223],"rehabilitation":[81],"plans":[82],"60":[84],"de-identified":[85],"cases,":[87,151],"independent":[90],"generations":[91,144],"per":[92],"case.":[93],"Three":[94],"senior":[95],"clinicians":[96],"evaluated":[97],"outputs":[98],"across":[99,178,228,259],"correctness,":[100,229],"completeness,":[101,230],"helpfulness,":[103,232],"safety":[105,234],"using":[106,114,123],"5-point":[107],"Likert":[108],"scales.":[109],"Chinese":[110,211],"readability":[111,120],"assessed":[113,122],"LDU-TGP":[116],"platform,":[117],"English":[119,203],"Flesch-Kincaid":[125,204],"Grade":[126,205],"Level.":[127],"Generalized":[128],"estimating":[129],"equations":[130],"were":[131],"used":[132],"2a":[135],"2b":[138],"comparisons":[139],"account":[141],"clustered":[145],"within":[146],"questions":[148],"patient":[150],"respectively.":[152],"Results:":[153],"1,":[156],"achieved":[158,266],"highest":[160],"(91%),":[162],"followed":[163],"(90%),":[166],"Gemini":[167],"(85%),":[168],"ChatGPT-4o":[170],"(83%).":[171],"no":[175],"between-model":[176],"differences":[177],"five":[180],"clinician-rated":[181,268],"domains":[182],"remained":[183],"statistically":[184],"significant":[185,218],"after":[186,219],"correction":[187],"multiple":[189],"comparisons.":[190],"Q&A":[194,262],"responses":[195],"a":[197],"higher":[198,267],"recommended":[199],"reading":[200],"age":[201],"Level,":[206],"whereas":[207,264],"difference":[209],"Reading":[212],"Difficulty":[213],"Score":[214],"did":[215,242],"not":[216,243,277],"remain":[217],"correction.":[220],"significantly":[225,245],"outperformed":[226],"GEE":[237],"analysis.":[238],"Repeated-generation":[239],"stability":[241],"differ":[244],"between":[246],"models.":[247],"Conclusions:":[248],"Within":[249],"this":[250],"single-center,":[251],"expert-rated":[252],"benchmark,":[253],"performed":[257],"comparably":[258],"most":[260],"dimensions,":[263],"scores":[269],"generation.":[273],"These":[274],"findings":[275],"do":[276],"establish":[278],"effectiveness.":[280],"Prospective":[281],"patient-centered":[282],"validation":[283],"clinician-supervised":[285],"review":[286],"are":[287],"required":[288],"before":[289],"implementation":[290],"routine":[292],"rehabilitation.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}
