{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208831775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","title":"PERCEIVED GENDER INEQUALITY, DISCRIMINATION AND WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN MALAYSIAN SPORTS LEADERSHIP: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY","display_name":"PERCEIVED GENDER INEQUALITY, DISCRIMINATION AND WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN MALAYSIAN SPORTS LEADERSHIP: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208831775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","pdf_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1359/933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279194","display_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2716-6481","issn":["2716-6481"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1359/933","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101598649","display_name":"Norain Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-1492","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-1492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802184818","display_name":"Majlis Amanah Rakyat","ror":"https://ror.org/04snr8v46","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802184818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267731","display_name":"Institut Sukan Negara","ror":"https://ror.org/043544h31","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267731"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"NORAIN AHMAD","raw_affiliation_strings":["Majlis Sukan Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Majlis Sukan Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802184818","https://openalex.org/I4405267731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032467105","display_name":"Siti Aishah Wahab","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SITI AISHAH WAHAB","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069784338","display_name":"Siti Fadhilah Abdul Hamid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-8056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-8056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SITI FADHILAH ABDUL HAMID","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065713001","display_name":"Nurul Shahida Hamdan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"NURUL SHAHIDA HAMDAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078317079","display_name":"Asmalini Che Abu Shafie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ASMALINI CHE ABU SHAFIE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Sarawak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak Branch, Sarawak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093620713","display_name":"Muhammad Faizal Kutip","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MUHAMMAD FAIZAL KUTIP","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"122","last_page":"129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.7509999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.7509999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.24480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-discrimination","display_name":"gender discrimination","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-life-balance","display_name":"work-life balance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-leadership","display_name":"sports leadership","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-sport","display_name":"women in sport","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underrepresentation-of-women","display_name":"underrepresentation of women","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inclusion","display_name":"gender inclusion","score":0.8080000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5867999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.5705000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5343999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422638","display_name":"Action plan","level":2,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994533747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891097","display_name":"Gender inequality","level":3,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018726217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2672163","display_name":"Gender relations","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992299759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113453","display_name":"Gender equality","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993271050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender discrimination","level":2,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777732099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214244","display_name":"Affirmative action","level":2,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","pdf_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1359/933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279194","display_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2716-6481","issn":["2716-6481"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i4.1359","pdf_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1359/933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279194","display_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2716-6481","issn":["2716-6481"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208831775.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208831775.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3007981815","https://openalex.org/W3012584153","https://openalex.org/W2953391729","https://openalex.org/W4416348638","https://openalex.org/W2810350050","https://openalex.org/W7167478820","https://openalex.org/W4281400579","https://openalex.org/W3015301958","https://openalex.org/W4387673097","https://openalex.org/W4412933346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Women":[0,137],"remain":[1],"underrepresented":[2],"in":[3,8,42,46,126,138],"sports":[4,44,127],"leadership":[5,148],"globally":[6],"and":[7,24,75,114,146],"Malaysia.":[9],"This":[10],"study":[11],"examined":[12],"three":[13,97],"perceived":[14],"barriers":[15,113],"contributing":[16],"to":[17,82,91,122],"this":[18],"issue:":[19],"gender":[20,57,124],"inequality,":[21],"gender-based":[22],"discrimination,":[23],"work-life":[25,69],"balance":[26,70],"challenges.":[27],"Using":[28],"a":[29],"structured":[30],"questionnaire":[31],"adapted":[32],"from":[33,39],"previous":[34],"research,":[35],"data":[36],"were":[37],"collected":[38],"100":[40],"respondents":[41],"Malaysian":[43],"organisations":[45],"the":[47,53,60,108,116,132],"Klang":[48],"Valley,":[49],"with":[50],"91%":[51],"representing":[52],"government":[54],"sector.":[55],"Perceived":[56],"inequality":[58],"recorded":[59],"highest":[61],"mean":[62],"score":[63],"(M":[64,72,77],"=":[65,73,78,100],"3.31),":[66],"followed":[67],"by":[68],"challenges":[71],"3.11)":[74],"discrimination":[76],"2.98),":[79],"indicating":[80],"neutral":[81],"slight":[83],"agreement.":[84],"Pearson":[85],"correlation":[86],"analysis":[87],"revealed":[88],"significant":[89],"moderate":[90],"strong":[92],"positive":[93],"relationships":[94],"among":[95],"all":[96],"variables":[98],"(r":[99],"0.552\u20130.723,":[101],"p":[102],"<":[103],"0.01).":[104],"The":[105],"findings":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"interconnected":[109],"nature":[110],"of":[111,118,135],"these":[112],"highlight":[115],"importance":[117],"integrated":[119],"organisational":[120],"interventions":[121],"strengthen":[123],"inclusivity":[125],"leadership.":[128],"These":[129],"efforts":[130],"support":[131],"continued":[133],"implementation":[134],"Malaysia\u2019s":[136],"Sport":[139],"Action":[140],"Plan":[141],"2021\u20132025,":[142],"promoting":[143],"equitable":[144],"opportunities":[145],"sustainable":[147],"development.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}
