{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208829964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","title":"Economics of production and marketing of cucumber under protected structure in Jhapa district","display_name":"Economics of production and marketing of cucumber under protected structure in Jhapa district","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208829964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NARJ/article/download/99475/75328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80673133","display_name":"Nepal Agriculture Research Journal","issn_l":"1029-533X","issn":["1029-533X","2976-1123"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nepal Agriculture Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NARJ/article/download/99475/75328","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039848757","display_name":"Sanjiv Subedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-008X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-008X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142290","display_name":"Nepal Agricultural Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05aqbwk58","country_code":"NP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142290"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjiv Subedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Policy Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Policy Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033797829","display_name":"Krishna Prasad Timsina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-7039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-7039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142290","display_name":"Nepal Agricultural Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05aqbwk58","country_code":"NP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142290"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Prasad Timsina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Policy Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Policy Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070006849","display_name":"S. P. Khanal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9965-5426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9965-5426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142290","display_name":"Nepal Agricultural Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05aqbwk58","country_code":"NP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142290"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiksha Khanal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Policy Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Policy Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102688064","display_name":"Sagar Bista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-0864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-0864"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagar Bista","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture Knowledge Centre, Bhadrapur, Jhapa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture Knowledge Centre, Bhadrapur, Jhapa","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5660091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"235","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13010","display_name":"Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cucumber-production","display_name":"cucumber production","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protected-cultivation","display_name":"protected cultivation","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-horticulture","display_name":"greenhouse horticulture","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benefit-cost-ratio","display_name":"benefit-cost ratio","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-channels","display_name":"distribution channels","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing-margin","display_name":"marketing margin","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/producer-share","display_name":"producer share","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/input-use","display_name":"input use","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-gate-prices","display_name":"farm-gate prices","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pest-infestation","display_name":"pest infestation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jhapa-district","display_name":"Jhapa district","score":0.8389999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14522933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507","display_name":"Micronutrient","level":2,"score":0.5964999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.5846999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780427559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39495","display_name":"Tractor","level":2,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5113999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198327121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410163","display_name":"Sampling frame","level":3,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139134214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3652044","display_name":"Multistage sampling","level":2,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776094799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6576947","display_name":"Marketing channel","level":2,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20353970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056998","display_name":"Simple random sample","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672604","display_name":"Accidental sampling","level":3,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780117336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5435555","display_name":"Farm income","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NARJ/article/download/99475/75328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80673133","display_name":"Nepal Agriculture Research Journal","issn_l":"1029-533X","issn":["1029-533X","2976-1123"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nepal Agriculture Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v17i1.99475","pdf_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NARJ/article/download/99475/75328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80673133","display_name":"Nepal Agriculture Research Journal","issn_l":"1029-533X","issn":["1029-533X","2976-1123"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nepal Agriculture Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.41670000553131104}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208829964.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208829964.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922525520","https://openalex.org/W3097261689","https://openalex.org/W4390826719","https://openalex.org/W4391691852","https://openalex.org/W4395451373","https://openalex.org/W4408465109","https://openalex.org/W7117253862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185556920","https://openalex.org/W4408465757","https://openalex.org/W2976175768","https://openalex.org/W7124313653","https://openalex.org/W4417448208","https://openalex.org/W4288541169","https://openalex.org/W4388225142","https://openalex.org/W4408465109","https://openalex.org/W2754439746","https://openalex.org/W4412682973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"investigation":[1,41],"was":[2,57,76,93],"carried":[3],"out":[4,129],"to":[5,69,143,179,233,259],"document":[6],"cost":[7,105,248],"and":[8,12,19,35,85,103,122,136,146,174,188,215,226,243,252],"benefits,":[9],"marketing":[10,20,195,209,274],"channel":[11,196],"major":[13,236],"problems":[14],"associated":[15,238],"with":[16,44,197,208,239,276],"the":[17,29,40,45,60,64,71,96,115,198,221,235,240,261,272,277,282],"production":[18,113,242],"of":[21,28,54,130,202,211,218],"cucumber":[22,112,162,241,265],"in":[23,42,118,220,271],"Jhapa":[24,119],"district.":[25],"Four":[26],"municipalities":[27],"district":[30],"namely":[31],"Buddhashanti,":[32],"Birtamod,":[33],"Mechinangar":[34],"Damak":[36],"were":[37,141,177,190,231],"selected":[38,58],"for":[39],"consultation":[43],"Agriculture":[46],"Knowledge":[47],"Centre":[48],"(AKC),":[49],"Jhapa.":[50],"A":[51],"sample":[52],"size":[53],"120":[55],"farmers":[56],"from":[59,161,264],"sampling":[61,67],"frame":[62],"applying":[63],"simple":[65],"random":[66],"technique":[68],"represent":[70],"study":[72],"population.":[73],"Primary":[74],"information":[75,92],"collected":[77,94],"through":[78],"field":[79],"survey,":[80],"Focus":[81],"Group":[82],"Discussions":[83],"(FGD),":[84],"Key":[86],"Informant":[87],"Interviews":[88],"(KII).":[89],"Moreover,":[90,164],"secondary":[91],"reviewing":[95],"relevant":[97],"publications.":[98],"The":[99,125,192,246,267],"positive":[100,145],"net":[101],"margin":[102,210],"benefit":[104],"ratio":[106],"higher":[107],"than":[108],"one":[109],"(1.99)":[110],"revealed":[111,168],"under":[114],"protected":[116],"structure":[117],"is":[120],"profitable":[121],"financially":[123],"viable.":[124],"regression":[126],"showed":[127],"that":[128,169],"seven":[131],"input":[132],"resources,":[133],"seed":[134,251],"(p<0.01)":[135,140,157],"vitamins":[137,171,255],"&":[138,172,254],"micronutrients":[139],"found":[142,178,232],"have":[144],"significant":[147,153],"effect,":[148],"while":[149,182],"tractor":[150,183],"power":[151],"had":[152],"but":[154],"negative":[155],"effect":[156],"on":[158,250],"total":[159,262],"returns":[160,263],"production.":[163,266],"it":[165],"has":[166],"been":[167],"seed,":[170],"micronutrients,":[173],"chemical":[175],"fertilizers":[176],"be":[180,234],"underused":[181],"power,":[184],"human":[185],"labor,":[186],"FYM":[187],"pesticides":[189],"overused.":[191],"mostly":[193],"used":[194],"highest":[199],"volume":[200],"(73%)":[201],"transaction":[203],"followed":[204],"producers":[205],"-collectors-wholesalers-retailers-consumers":[206],"path.":[207],"NPR.41":[212],"per":[213],"kg":[214],"producer\u2019s":[216],"share":[217],"43%":[219],"consumers\u2019":[222],"price.":[223],"Pest":[224],"infestation":[225],"low":[227],"farm":[228],"gate":[229],"price":[230,278],"problem":[237],"marketing,":[244],"respectively.":[245],"additional":[247],"implied":[249],"micronutrient":[253],"would":[256],"significantly":[257],"contribute":[258],"increase":[260],"government":[268],"should":[269],"intervene":[270],"existing":[273],"system":[275],"regulation,":[279],"control":[280],"over":[281],"porous":[283]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}