{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208829408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","title":"Artificial intelligence for power optimization in bluetooth low energy wearables: a narrative review","display_name":"Artificial intelligence for power optimization in bluetooth low energy wearables: a narrative review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208829408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108645311","display_name":"Auns Qusai Al-Neami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-1586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-1586","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-092X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56409017","display_name":"Nahrain University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v2p9075","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Auns Q. Al-Neami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering-Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-1586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering-Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042805397","display_name":"Ahmed Faeq Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-0028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-0028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56409017","display_name":"Nahrain University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v2p9075","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Faeq Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-0028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037576473","display_name":"Wajdi Sadik Aboud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2612-4955","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2612-4955"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56409017","display_name":"Nahrain University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v2p9075","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wajdi Sadik Aboud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2612-4955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004834417","display_name":"Firas Basim Ismail Alnaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-7077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-7077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155316","display_name":"Al-Bayan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d2spn76","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155316"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45998257","display_name":"Sohar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ftvf862","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["IQ","MY","OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firas Basim Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, University of Al-Bayan, Baghdad, Iraq","Faculty of Engineering, University of Sohar, P. O. Box: 44, Sohar, PCI 311, Oman","Smart Power Generation Research Centre, Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), P. O. Box: 43000, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-7077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, University of Al-Bayan, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Sohar, P. O. Box: 44, Sohar, PCI 311, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Power Generation Research Centre, Institute of Power Engineering (IPE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), P. O. Box: 43000, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095063596","display_name":"Saeed Mahmoud AL Shurafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7526-6565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7526-6565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91633459","display_name":"Middle East University","ror":"https://ror.org/059bgad73","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91633459"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Mahmoud AL Shurafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Middle East University (MEU), Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7526-6565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Middle East University (MEU), Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91633459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5095063596"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91633459"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"2903","last_page":"2932"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-devices","display_name":"wearable devices","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycling","display_name":"duty cycling","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"quality of service","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmography","display_name":"photoplethysmography","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"EEG","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"edge computing","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-life","display_name":"battery life","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8894000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168292644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10860336","display_name":"Power optimization","level":4,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40128228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460851","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128624480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504817","display_name":"Low voltage","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-026-04208-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971130353","https://openalex.org/W1990430421","https://openalex.org/W2021076597","https://openalex.org/W2062848325","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2335257090","https://openalex.org/W2512496087","https://openalex.org/W2597218800","https://openalex.org/W2740884108","https://openalex.org/W2749157670","https://openalex.org/W2754252319","https://openalex.org/W2783607550","https://openalex.org/W2945537632","https://openalex.org/W2948490758","https://openalex.org/W2994209110","https://openalex.org/W3112325088","https://openalex.org/W3122257872","https://openalex.org/W3134151912","https://openalex.org/W3134889879","https://openalex.org/W3154257404","https://openalex.org/W3177785479","https://openalex.org/W3199866073","https://openalex.org/W3202496310","https://openalex.org/W3205709385","https://openalex.org/W3207663552","https://openalex.org/W4200518047","https://openalex.org/W4210725851","https://openalex.org/W4210895381","https://openalex.org/W4225329847","https://openalex.org/W4226074215","https://openalex.org/W4240503368","https://openalex.org/W4283016203","https://openalex.org/W4283080563","https://openalex.org/W4283753451","https://openalex.org/W4285098908","https://openalex.org/W4292348061","https://openalex.org/W4296467580","https://openalex.org/W4309347764","https://openalex.org/W4309760351","https://openalex.org/W4317727238","https://openalex.org/W4320494013","https://openalex.org/W4320498313","https://openalex.org/W4321021630","https://openalex.org/W4360603373","https://openalex.org/W4360615678","https://openalex.org/W4362636969","https://openalex.org/W4366386426","https://openalex.org/W4367665843","https://openalex.org/W4379115924","https://openalex.org/W4383645845","https://openalex.org/W4385259825","https://openalex.org/W4386512694","https://openalex.org/W4386824964","https://openalex.org/W4387914267","https://openalex.org/W4391319801","https://openalex.org/W4392871613","https://openalex.org/W4393154173","https://openalex.org/W4393188292","https://openalex.org/W4396734008","https://openalex.org/W4400277600","https://openalex.org/W4400407794","https://openalex.org/W4400721646","https://openalex.org/W4401059011","https://openalex.org/W4401990124","https://openalex.org/W4402994204","https://openalex.org/W4404848940","https://openalex.org/W4404863713","https://openalex.org/W4405210727","https://openalex.org/W4406151821","https://openalex.org/W4406858144","https://openalex.org/W4407938367","https://openalex.org/W4407973943","https://openalex.org/W4409991558","https://openalex.org/W6960078445","https://openalex.org/W7135088165","https://openalex.org/W7164125782","https://openalex.org/W7166801859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411700207","https://openalex.org/W3122257872","https://openalex.org/W3081608837","https://openalex.org/W3046317941","https://openalex.org/W2570768014","https://openalex.org/W4394820434","https://openalex.org/W7098259254","https://openalex.org/W1496127164","https://openalex.org/W2802259248","https://openalex.org/W2970560504"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}