{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208825155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","title":"The Effect of Visual Impairment on the Controllability of a Brain-Computer Interface Using Visual Spatial Attention","display_name":"The Effect of Visual Impairment on the Controllability of a Brain-Computer Interface Using Visual Spatial Attention","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208825155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/04/2026.09.01.748503.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/04/2026.09.01.748503.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032955571","display_name":"Christoph Reichert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-9791","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-9791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Reichert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestra\u00dfe 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-9791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestra\u00dfe 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074475594","display_name":"Mircea Ariel Schoenfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-4092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-4092"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134136","display_name":"Kliniken Schmieder","ror":"https://ror.org/04bkje958","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mircea Ariel Schoenfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany","Kliniken Schmieder Heidelberg, Speyererhofweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-4092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kliniken Schmieder Heidelberg, Speyererhofweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005132897","display_name":"Stefan D\u00fcrschmid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6686-976X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6686-976X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan D\u00fcrschmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinic for Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany","Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestra\u00dfe 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6686-976X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinic for Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestra\u00dfe 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032955571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-computer-interface","display_name":"brain-computer interface","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-impairment","display_name":"visual impairment","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visuospatial-attention","display_name":"visuospatial attention","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-attention","display_name":"covert attention","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-related-potentials","display_name":"event-related potentials","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p300","display_name":"P300","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular-vision","display_name":"monocular vision","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blurred-vision","display_name":"blurred vision","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-recognition","display_name":"color recognition","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-brain-computer-interface","display_name":"non-invasive brain-computer interface","score":0.675000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164280684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5529040","display_name":"Gaze-contingency paradigm","level":4,"score":0.5946000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207357515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6951948","display_name":"N2pc","level":4,"score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.49059998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185761835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431287","display_name":"Peripheral vision","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623092","display_name":"Rapid serial visual presentation","level":3,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158495155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369151","display_name":"Visual search","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158829959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640606","display_name":"Monocular vision","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936617","display_name":"Visual processing","level":3,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67359045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14026181","display_name":"Event-related potential","level":3,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126139899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818236","display_name":"Attentional control","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780527621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936593","display_name":"Visual control","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309721","display_name":"Visual Objects","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776310537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395577","display_name":"Visual spatial attention","level":4,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/04/2026.09.01.748503.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748503","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/04/2026.09.01.748503.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8360999822616577,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208825155.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208825155.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1745458420","https://openalex.org/W1963693586","https://openalex.org/W1965376933","https://openalex.org/W1999517043","https://openalex.org/W2003636072","https://openalex.org/W2016802010","https://openalex.org/W2038642630","https://openalex.org/W2044251906","https://openalex.org/W2051999907","https://openalex.org/W2052870065","https://openalex.org/W2059195745","https://openalex.org/W2059447853","https://openalex.org/W2067042076","https://openalex.org/W2068562173","https://openalex.org/W2073292643","https://openalex.org/W2074143647","https://openalex.org/W2074170552","https://openalex.org/W2098735891","https://openalex.org/W2104640717","https://openalex.org/W2105438329","https://openalex.org/W2105953877","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2132904845","https://openalex.org/W2135894974","https://openalex.org/W2159654758","https://openalex.org/W2163727886","https://openalex.org/W2549587034","https://openalex.org/W2767056600","https://openalex.org/W2803407109","https://openalex.org/W2807075669","https://openalex.org/W3084201769","https://openalex.org/W3109660564","https://openalex.org/W4310439148","https://openalex.org/W4312789142","https://openalex.org/W4392362471","https://openalex.org/W4401561116","https://openalex.org/W4414459454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417529913","https://openalex.org/W3109660564","https://openalex.org/W7020081203","https://openalex.org/W2333042737","https://openalex.org/W2410365704","https://openalex.org/W7009373776","https://openalex.org/W2163727886","https://openalex.org/W2133022542","https://openalex.org/W2793714248","https://openalex.org/W4415524108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,145,161],"primary":[2],"goal":[3],"of":[4,25,33,60,63,88,139,158,167],"a":[5,41,178,188,206,216],"brain-computer":[6],"interface":[7],"(BCI)":[8],"is":[9,116],"to":[10,39,48,79,130,209,213],"enable":[11,210],"interactions":[12],"with":[13,201],"the":[14,51,58,86,117,142,155,159],"environment":[15],"by":[16,184],"generating":[17],"control":[18,40],"signals":[19],"directly":[20],"from":[21],"brain":[22],"activity,":[23],"independent":[24],"physical":[26],"movement":[27],"including":[28],"gaze":[29],"shifts.":[30],"Attentional":[31],"selection":[32],"peripheral":[34,80],"objects":[35],"has":[36,103],"been":[37],"used":[38],"BCI":[42,71,112,179],"but":[43,102,174],"requires":[44],"sufficient":[45],"visual":[46,64,81,89,100,122,168,189,202],"acuity":[47],"reliably":[49,182],"recognize":[50],"target":[52,118],"stimulus.":[53],"Here,":[54],"we":[55],"systematically":[56],"investigated":[57],"effect":[59,87],"different":[61,171],"stages":[62],"impairment":[65],"on":[66,111,187],"event-related":[67],"potentials":[68],"(ERPs)":[69],"and":[70],"performance":[72,113],"while":[73],"healthy":[74],"participants":[75],"directed":[76],"covert":[77],"attention":[78,186],"stimuli.":[82],"We":[83],"hypothesized":[84],"that":[85,177],"impairments":[90],"such":[91,194],"as":[92,195],"blurred":[93],"or":[94,106],"monocular":[95,127],"vision":[96,128,134,150],"might":[97],"alter":[98],"attention-related":[99],"ERPs,":[101],"only":[104,164],"minor":[105],"no":[107],"impact":[108],"at":[109],"all":[110],"when":[114],"color":[115],"feature.":[119],"Early":[120],"attention-sensitive":[121],"components":[123],"were":[124],"altered":[125],"in":[126,137,141,147,170],"compared":[129],"binocular":[131],"vision.":[132],"Simulated":[133],"degradation":[135],"resulted":[136],"reduction":[138],"ERPs":[140,148,169],"P300":[143],"range.":[144],"differences":[146,166],"across":[149],"conditions":[151,173],"did":[152],"not":[153,163],"affect":[154],"decoding":[156],"accuracy":[157],"BCI.":[160,219],"study":[162],"revealed":[165],"viewing":[172],"primarily":[175],"demonstrated":[176],"can":[180,197],"be":[181,198],"controlled":[183],"focusing":[185],"stimulus":[190],"whose":[191],"distinguishing":[192],"features":[193],"color,":[196],"recognized":[199],"even":[200],"impairments.":[203],"This":[204],"provides":[205],"promising":[207],"approach":[208],"paralyzed":[211],"persons":[212],"communicate":[214],"using":[215],"non-invasive,":[217],"gaze-independent":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}
