{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208815560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70676","title":"Effect of calcination temperature on Portland cement clinker partially replaced with calcined limestone overburden clay","display_name":"Effect of calcination temperature on Portland cement clinker partially replaced with calcined limestone overburden clay","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208815560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ep.70676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214890","display_name":"Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy","issn_l":"1944-7442","issn":["1944-7442","1944-7450"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Progress &amp; Sustainable Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090916292","display_name":"Joseph O. Ukpata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-5660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-5660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131845690","display_name":"University of Cross River State","ror":"https://ror.org/012w5e784","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131845690"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph O. Ukpata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering University of Cross River State  Calabar Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-5660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Cross River State  Calabar Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131845690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140975145","display_name":"Ador I. Ulom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131845690","display_name":"University of Cross River State","ror":"https://ror.org/012w5e784","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131845690"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ador I. Ulom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering University of Cross River State  Calabar Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Cross River State  Calabar Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131845690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090157932","display_name":"Jesam Abam Ujong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1108-0477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1108-0477"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158569","display_name":"Veritas University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr4s665","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158569"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesam Abam Ujong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering Veritas University Abuja  Gaba Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering Veritas University Abuja  Gaba Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009051537","display_name":"George Uwadiegwu Alaneme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-7628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-7628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Uwadiegwu Alaneme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Multidisciplinary Innovations Studies, Department of Auditing College of Accounting Science University of South Africa  Pretoria South Africa","Department of Civil Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University  Kampala Uganda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-7628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Multidisciplinary Innovations Studies, Department of Auditing College of Accounting Science University of South Africa  Pretoria South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University  Kampala Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplementary-cementitious-materials","display_name":"supplementary cementitious materials","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portland-cement-clinker","display_name":"Portland cement clinker","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcination-temperature","display_name":"calcination temperature","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-strength","display_name":"flexural strength","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pozzolanic-activity","display_name":"pozzolanic activity","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durability","display_name":"durability","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstructure","display_name":"microstructure","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emission-reduction","display_name":"CO2 emission reduction","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-production","display_name":"cement production","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7082614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849523","display_name":"Calcination","level":3,"score":0.9164999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77835500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694124","display_name":"Pozzolan","level":4,"score":0.5902000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178405089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857201","display_name":"Flexural strength","level":2,"score":0.5873000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105192709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189333","display_name":"Clinker (cement)","level":4,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178006949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7237073","display_name":"Pozzolanic activity","level":5,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777201227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331224","display_name":"Overburden","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779870107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43010","display_name":"Quartz","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98456152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7237073","display_name":"Pozzolanic reaction","level":5,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138891687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075870","display_name":"Pozzolana","level":5,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ep.70676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214890","display_name":"Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy","issn_l":"1944-7442","issn":["1944-7442","1944-7450"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Progress &amp; Sustainable Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7789999842643738,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982689329","https://openalex.org/W3014820109","https://openalex.org/W3025244164","https://openalex.org/W3028105356","https://openalex.org/W3090824330","https://openalex.org/W3092780775","https://openalex.org/W3107766974","https://openalex.org/W3215165356","https://openalex.org/W4200549440","https://openalex.org/W4212856041","https://openalex.org/W4214872695","https://openalex.org/W4220965186","https://openalex.org/W4288949254","https://openalex.org/W4313215421","https://openalex.org/W4367311353","https://openalex.org/W4380988322","https://openalex.org/W4385758741","https://openalex.org/W4386965662","https://openalex.org/W4387965754","https://openalex.org/W4391221968","https://openalex.org/W4391995092","https://openalex.org/W4395676012","https://openalex.org/W4400014179","https://openalex.org/W4403889200","https://openalex.org/W4404762540","https://openalex.org/W4404864505","https://openalex.org/W4405083318","https://openalex.org/W4407034501","https://openalex.org/W4407280968","https://openalex.org/W4410563582","https://openalex.org/W4411210966","https://openalex.org/W4411639197","https://openalex.org/W4411845862","https://openalex.org/W4412571862","https://openalex.org/W4412730474","https://openalex.org/W4413078128","https://openalex.org/W4414694658","https://openalex.org/W4416221214","https://openalex.org/W4416764683","https://openalex.org/W7109052504","https://openalex.org/W7116761334","https://openalex.org/W7116981644","https://openalex.org/W7117153294","https://openalex.org/W7118003132","https://openalex.org/W7125822003","https://openalex.org/W7125915872","https://openalex.org/W7126184773","https://openalex.org/W7126236899","https://openalex.org/W7127172444","https://openalex.org/W7128022484","https://openalex.org/W7128471297","https://openalex.org/W7128689465","https://openalex.org/W7130732369","https://openalex.org/W7130849461","https://openalex.org/W7131845212","https://openalex.org/W7134071599","https://openalex.org/W7134172605","https://openalex.org/W7134190944","https://openalex.org/W7135371789","https://openalex.org/W7140037709","https://openalex.org/W7156918252","https://openalex.org/W7161411515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168914973","https://openalex.org/W2976174448","https://openalex.org/W2769719797","https://openalex.org/W4379207536","https://openalex.org/W7142748184","https://openalex.org/W4295329034","https://openalex.org/W4392243523","https://openalex.org/W7217920411","https://openalex.org/W7163909526","https://openalex.org/W3016408041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Calcined":[1],"limestone":[2,171],"overburden":[3,172],"clay":[4,116,173],"was":[5,131],"investigated":[6],"as":[7,176],"a":[8],"supplementary":[9],"cementitious":[10],"material":[11],"(SCM)":[12],"for":[13,31,36,73,152,180],"partial":[14],"clinker":[15,182],"replacement.":[16],"Cement":[17],"blends":[18],"containing":[19],"30%,":[20],"50%,":[21],"and":[22,34,40,58,69,88,111,121,150,154,159,163,187],"70%":[23],"calcined":[24,115,168],"clay,":[25],"produced":[26,46],"at":[27,44,63],"500\u2013800\u00b0C,":[28],"were":[29],"cured":[30],"1\u201390":[32],"days":[33],"evaluated":[35],"mechanical,":[37],"durability,":[38],"chemical,":[39],"microstructural":[41],"properties.":[42],"Calcination":[43],"600\u00b0C":[45],"optimum":[47],"performance,":[48,143],"with":[49,67,144],"the":[50,74,167],"30%":[51],"replacement":[52,117],"mixture":[53],"achieving":[54],"40.0":[55],"MPa":[56,60],"compressive":[57,120,153],"5.9":[59],"flexural":[61,122,155],"strengths":[62,123],"90":[64],"days,":[65],"compared":[66],"54.0":[68],"7.8":[70],"MPa,":[71],"respectively,":[72],"CEM":[75],"I":[76],"control.":[77],"The":[78,138],"combined":[79],"SiO":[80],"2":[81,84,90,146,185],",":[82,87],"Al":[83],"O":[85,91],"3":[86,92],"Fe":[89],"content":[93],"exceeded":[94],"70":[95],"wt":[96],"%,":[97],"confirming":[98],"substantial":[99],"pozzolanic":[100],"potential,":[101],"while":[102],"water":[103],"absorption":[104],"remained":[105],"below":[106],"10%.":[107],"Multiple":[108],"linear":[109],"regression":[110],"ANOVA":[112],"indicated":[113],"that":[114],"significantly":[118],"influenced":[119],"(":[124,134],"p":[125,135],"<":[126],"0.05),":[127],"whereas":[128],"calcination":[129],"temperature":[130],"statistically":[132],"insignificant":[133],">":[136],"0.05).":[137],"models":[139],"demonstrated":[140],"strong":[141],"predictive":[142],"R":[145],"values":[147],"of":[148,190],"97.96%":[149],"95.00%":[151],"strengths,":[156],"respectively.":[157],"XRD":[158],"SEM\u2013EDS":[160],"confirmed":[161],"quartz":[162],"silica\u2010rich":[164],"phases":[165],"in":[166],"clay.":[169],"Overall,":[170],"demonstrates":[174],"potential":[175],"an":[177],"effective":[178],"SCM":[179],"reducing":[181],"consumption,":[183],"CO":[184],"emissions,":[186],"environmental":[188],"impacts":[189],"cement":[191],"production.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-06T00:00:00"}