{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208780355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","title":"To What Extent Do Japan\u2019s Post-2014 Whaling Practices Demonstrate Shortcomings in Existing International Legal Frameworks, Thereby Supporting the Case for Criminalizing Biodiversity Destruction Under International Law?","display_name":"To What Extent Do Japan\u2019s Post-2014 Whaling Practices Demonstrate Shortcomings in Existing International Legal Frameworks, Thereby Supporting the Case for Criminalizing Biodiversity Destruction Under International Law?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208780355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","pdf_url":"https://www.oxfordjss.org/_files/ugd/a9c49e_25bd3f4eb98c42e8838c7732b9008577.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055945","display_name":"Oxford Journal of Student Scholarship","issn_l":"3070-3875","issn":["3070-3875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford Journal of Student Scholarship","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.oxfordjss.org/_files/ugd/a9c49e_25bd3f4eb98c42e8838c7732b9008577.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150055217","display_name":"Iman Khalid","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iman Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5150055217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.7378000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.7378000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.1988999992609024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12895","display_name":"Environmental law and policy","score":0.03099999949336052,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whaling","display_name":"whaling","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japan","display_name":"Japan","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-court-of-justice","display_name":"International Court of Justice","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-whaling-commission","display_name":"International Whaling Commission","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-convention-for-the-regulation-of-whaling","display_name":"International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiversity-conservation","display_name":"biodiversity conservation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecocide","display_name":"ecocide","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rome-statute","display_name":"Rome Statute","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-criminal-law","display_name":"international criminal law","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antarctic-whaling","display_name":"Antarctic whaling","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519069842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42767","display_name":"Whaling","level":2,"score":0.7203999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60961049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379693","display_name":"Deportation","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","pdf_url":"https://www.oxfordjss.org/_files/ugd/a9c49e_25bd3f4eb98c42e8838c7732b9008577.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055945","display_name":"Oxford Journal of Student Scholarship","issn_l":"3070-3875","issn":["3070-3875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford Journal of Student Scholarship","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65161/reczoquk6iy7fsd7i","pdf_url":"https://www.oxfordjss.org/_files/ugd/a9c49e_25bd3f4eb98c42e8838c7732b9008577.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055945","display_name":"Oxford Journal of Student Scholarship","issn_l":"3070-3875","issn":["3070-3875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford Journal of Student Scholarship","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5769000053405762,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208780355.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208780355.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W652540695","https://openalex.org/W1600672919","https://openalex.org/W1982316652","https://openalex.org/W1992043535","https://openalex.org/W1992054217","https://openalex.org/W2039079729","https://openalex.org/W2059966722","https://openalex.org/W2104137892","https://openalex.org/W2112245702","https://openalex.org/W2151599283","https://openalex.org/W2337706369","https://openalex.org/W2477486813","https://openalex.org/W2510388658","https://openalex.org/W2514819184","https://openalex.org/W2528499909","https://openalex.org/W2580124764","https://openalex.org/W3121931725","https://openalex.org/W3125014972","https://openalex.org/W3183164143","https://openalex.org/W3214297738","https://openalex.org/W4242582952","https://openalex.org/W4283261524","https://openalex.org/W4388420894","https://openalex.org/W4390645053","https://openalex.org/W4407298387"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408172572","https://openalex.org/W2209889516","https://openalex.org/W2592214428","https://openalex.org/W2148866047","https://openalex.org/W2622757266","https://openalex.org/W3042425752","https://openalex.org/W4378176129","https://openalex.org/W4388574763","https://openalex.org/W3005162035","https://openalex.org/W2130450477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"legal":[1,27,67],"protection":[2,150],"of":[3,11,17,25,38,54,57,72,78,96,113,116,133,171,216,228],"biodiversity":[4,18,73,149,188,217],"is":[5,90,151,165],"increasingly":[6],"recognized":[7],"as":[8,44,80,219],"a":[9,65,81,161,168,197],"matter":[10],"international":[12,41,214],"concern.Nevertheless,":[13],"the":[14,23,35,39,51,70,76,86,93,102,127,131,179,211,220,225,229],"accelerating":[15],"decline":[16],"raises":[19],"significant":[20],"concerns":[21],"regarding":[22],"effectiveness":[24],"existing":[26,40,202],"frameworks,":[28],"exposing":[29],"structural":[30,36,162,198],"limitations.This":[31],"paper":[32,143],"argues":[33],"that":[34,145,201],"failures":[37],"whaling":[42,61,123],"regime,":[43],"demonstrated":[45],"by":[46,153],"Japan's":[47,121,172],"post-2014":[48],"conduct":[49],"after":[50],"International":[52,94,111,128,180,230],"Court":[53,95,112],"Justice":[55,114],"judgment":[56],"2014":[58],"ruling":[59,99],"its":[60],"programs":[62],"unscientific,":[63],"provide":[64],"compelling":[66],"basis":[68],"for":[69,130,213],"criminalization":[71,215],"destruction":[74,218],"through":[75,167],"incorporation":[77],"ecocide":[79],"fifth":[82,221],"core":[83,222],"crime":[84,223],"under":[85,224],"Rome":[87,226],"Statute.This":[88],"argument":[89],"anchored":[91],"in":[92,101,148],"Justice's":[97],"landmark":[98],"Whaling":[100,181],"Antarctic":[103],"(Australia":[104],"v.":[105],"Japan,":[106],"New":[107],"Zealand":[108],"intervening)":[109],"[2014]":[110],"Reports":[115],"Judgments":[117],"226,":[118],"which":[119],"found":[120],"scientific":[122],"programme":[124],"inconsistent":[125],"with":[126,175],"Convention":[129],"Regulation":[132],"Whaling,":[134],"yet":[135],"demonstrably":[136],"failed":[137],"to":[138,185,207],"produce":[139],"lasting":[140],"compliance.Accordingly,":[141],"this":[142,209],"contends":[144],"institutional":[146,183],"failure":[147],"characterized":[152],"weak":[154],"enforcement":[155,192],"mechanisms,":[156],"limited":[157],"regulatory":[158,194],"scope,":[159],"and":[160,196],"accountability":[163,199],"deficit.This":[164],"examined":[166],"case":[169],"study":[170],"state":[173],"conduct,":[174],"particular":[176],"focus":[177],"on":[178],"Commission's":[182],"capacity":[184],"secure":[186],"meaningful":[187],"protection,":[189],"revealing":[190],"specific":[191],"deficiencies,":[193],"gaps,":[195],"deficit":[200],"frameworks":[203],"have":[204],"proven":[205],"unable":[206],"remedy.Collectively,":[208],"justifies":[210],"proposal":[212],"Statute":[227],"Criminal":[231],"Court.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}
