{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208736615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","title":"Geotechnical Evaluation of the Influence of Saltwater Intrusion on the Shear Strength Properties of Coastal Soils: A Case Study of Ikot Abasi L.G.A.","display_name":"Geotechnical Evaluation of the Influence of Saltwater Intrusion on the Shear Strength Properties of Coastal Soils: A Case Study of Ikot Abasi L.G.A.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208736615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","pdf_url":"https://opencivilengineeringjournal.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e18741495507708/PDF/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123994187","display_name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","issn_l":"1874-1495","issn":["1874-1495"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://opencivilengineeringjournal.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e18741495507708/PDF/","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141133538","display_name":"Edifonte Akpan Jack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3719-9491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3719-9491"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edifonte Akpan Jack","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3719-9491","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049025196","display_name":"Akpan Paul Paulinus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-6870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-6870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259366","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Ikot Abasi","ror":"https://ror.org/024gb9b66","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259366"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akpan Paul Paulinus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technology , School of Engineering and Engineering Technology , Federal University of Technology , Ikot Abasi (FUTIA) , Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-6870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technology , School of Engineering and Engineering Technology , Federal University of Technology , Ikot Abasi (FUTIA) , Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.5346999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.5346999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.21639999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.15629999339580536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saltwater-intrusion","display_name":"saltwater intrusion","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-soils","display_name":"coastal soils","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shear-strength","display_name":"shear strength","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salinity-effects","display_name":"salinity effects","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"cohesion","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-internal-friction","display_name":"internal friction angle","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atterberg-limits","display_name":"Atterberg limits","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasticity-index","display_name":"plasticity index","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimum-moisture-content","display_name":"optimum moisture content","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-dry-density","display_name":"maximum dry density","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shrink-swell-behavior","display_name":"shrink-swell behavior","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nacl-solution","display_name":"NaCl solution","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clayey-sand","display_name":"clayey sand","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-graded-sand","display_name":"well-graded sand","score":0.8420000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116973930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143620","display_name":"Atterberg limits","level":3,"score":0.8378000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.7621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132594454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002254","display_name":"Saltwater intrusion","level":4,"score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161222754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270699","display_name":"Silt","level":2,"score":0.6661999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.5712000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141650431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754836","display_name":"Soil salinity","level":3,"score":0.44859999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127893833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7492185","display_name":"Shear strength (soil)","level":3,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992277244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82580","display_name":"Friction angle","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41151612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280388","display_name":"Direct shear test","level":3,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174200844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905795","display_name":"Unified Soil Classification System","level":4,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780830269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902845","display_name":"Penetrometer","level":3,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152494472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386963","display_name":"Soil classification","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781279111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852170","display_name":"Dredging","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33556824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179509","display_name":"Hydrogeology","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961278","display_name":"Slope stability","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992111332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15318","display_name":"Freezing point","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","pdf_url":"https://opencivilengineeringjournal.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e18741495507708/PDF/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123994187","display_name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","issn_l":"1874-1495","issn":["1874-1495"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495507708260902045705","pdf_url":"https://opencivilengineeringjournal.com/VOLUME/20/ELOCATOR/e18741495507708/PDF/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123994187","display_name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","issn_l":"1874-1495","issn":["1874-1495"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325463","display_name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/03p8jwd38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208736615.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208736615.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057695606","https://openalex.org/W2346349004","https://openalex.org/W2553979648","https://openalex.org/W2888299750","https://openalex.org/W3093554165","https://openalex.org/W3120546855","https://openalex.org/W3174985537","https://openalex.org/W3185307540","https://openalex.org/W4253861740","https://openalex.org/W4306924772","https://openalex.org/W4307328653","https://openalex.org/W4390371863","https://openalex.org/W4390680529","https://openalex.org/W4392750048","https://openalex.org/W4393388177","https://openalex.org/W4394694855","https://openalex.org/W4398177259","https://openalex.org/W4403330740","https://openalex.org/W4404939317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7169664268","https://openalex.org/W7167584304","https://openalex.org/W2369723339","https://openalex.org/W3199030170","https://openalex.org/W3132223241","https://openalex.org/W3157221617","https://openalex.org/W2363519111","https://openalex.org/W2911305216","https://openalex.org/W4394694855","https://openalex.org/W4415692932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction/Objective":[0],"Saltwater":[1,131],"intrusion":[2,132],"can":[3],"significantly":[4],"alter":[5],"the":[6,23,28,71,113,145,154,195,199,224,228,293,303,375,379,392],"geotechnical":[7,400],"properties":[8],"of":[9,25,32,148,201,231,325,365,386,404],"coastal":[10,33,72,387,405],"soils,":[11],"with":[12,108,139,165,172,217,268,274,290,322,374],"implications":[13],"for":[14,83,292,396],"infrastructure":[15],"stability":[16],"and":[17,51,74,81,94,153,187,227,237,253,264,280,300,331,349,383,402],"environmental":[18],"management.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21,367],"investigated":[22],"effects":[24],"salinity":[26,62,143,222,270,291,371],"on":[27,56],"shear":[29,352,380],"strength":[30,353,381],"parameters":[31,382],"soils":[34,89,232,295],"in":[35,198,246,262,266,277,306,320,378,399],"Ikot":[36],"Abasi":[37],"Local":[38],"Government":[39],"Area,":[40],"Nigeria.":[41],"Methods":[42],"Laboratory":[43],"tests,":[44,53],"including":[45],"triaxial,":[46],"direct":[47],"shear,":[48],"Atterberg":[49],"limits,":[50],"compaction":[52],"were":[54,65,205,310,342],"conducted":[55],"soil":[57,281],"samples":[58],"subjected":[59],"to":[60,112,176,182,189,215,256,339,344,394],"different":[61],"levels.":[63],"Samples":[64],"collected":[66],"from":[67,90,174,213,233],"four":[68],"locations":[69],"within":[70],"zone":[73],"designated":[75],"as":[76,96,105],"Points":[77,91,120,149,234,297],"A,":[78,92,180,235,298],"B,":[79,93,186,236,299],"C,":[80,193,238,301],"D":[82,102,127,241,315,356],"identification.":[84],"Results":[85],"Grain-size":[86],"analysis":[87],"classified":[88,104],"C":[95],"clayey":[97],"sand":[98,107],"(SC),":[99],"while":[100,162],"Point":[101,126,179,185,192,208,240,314,355],"was":[103,128,133,357,372],"well-graded":[106],"silt":[109],"(SW-SM)":[110],"according":[111],"Unified":[114],"Soil":[115],"Classification":[116],"System":[117],"(USCS).":[118],"Accordingly,":[119],"A\u2013C":[121,150],"exhibited":[122,316],"cohesive":[123,294],"behavior,":[124],"whereas":[125,194,239],"predominantly":[129],"non-cohesive.":[130],"simulated":[134],"using":[135],"NaCl":[136],"solutions":[137],"prepared":[138],"distilled":[140,329],"water.":[141,334],"Increasing":[142,221],"reduced":[144,223,254],"liquid":[146,225],"limit":[147,156,226],"by":[151,157,360],"23.2\u201332.0%":[152],"plastic":[155],"7.02\u201314.6%.":[158],"Similarly,":[159],"OMC":[160,263],"decreased":[161,211],"MDD":[163,267],"increased":[164,170,269,289],"increasing":[166,218,370],"salt":[167],"concentration.":[168],"Cohesion":[169],"progressively":[171,212],"salinity,":[173],"34%":[175],"48%":[177],"at":[178,184,191,296,354],"42%":[181],"58%":[183],"17.3%":[188],"26.0%":[190],"corresponding":[196,304],"variations":[197,305],"angle":[200,308],"internal":[202],"friction":[203,307],"(\u03d5)":[204,309],"nonlinear.":[206,311],"At":[207],"D,":[209],"\u03d5":[210],"31.34\u00b0":[214],"24.86\u00b0":[216],"salinity.":[219],"Discussion":[220],"plasticity":[229,251],"index":[230],"remained":[242],"non-plastic.":[243],"The":[244,259,335,363],"reduction":[245,324],"PI":[247],"indicates":[248],"a":[249,317,323],"narrower":[250],"range":[252],"susceptibility":[255],"shrink\u2013swell":[257],"behavior.":[258],"observed":[260,377],"decrease":[261],"increase":[265],"may":[271],"be":[272],"associated":[273,373],"salinity-induced":[275,397],"changes":[276,376,398],"clay-particle":[278],"interaction":[279],"fabric.":[282],"Triaxial":[283],"tests":[284],"further":[285],"showed":[286],"that":[287,351,369],"cohesion":[288,348],"although":[302],"In":[312],"contrast,":[313],"progressive":[318],"decline":[319],"\u03d5,":[321],"approximately":[326],"6.48\u00b0":[327],"between":[328],"water":[330],"15%":[332],"saline":[333],"failure-envelope":[336],"intercepts":[337],"(\u22120.10":[338],"+0.04":[340],"kPa)":[341],"close":[343],"zero,":[345],"indicating":[346],"negligible":[347],"confirming":[350],"governed":[358],"mainly":[359],"friction.":[361],"Conclusion":[362],"results":[364],"this":[366],"demonstrate":[368],"mechanical":[384],"behavior":[385],"soils.":[388],"These":[389],"findings":[390],"highlight":[391],"need":[393],"account":[395],"design":[401],"assessment":[403],"infrastructure.":[406]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-21T07:43:02.447757","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}