{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208733166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","title":"Deepfakes, AI-Driven Disinformation, and Global Politics: Emerging Challenges for Diplomacy, Elections, and International Security","display_name":"Deepfakes, AI-Driven Disinformation, and Global Politics: Emerging Challenges for Diplomacy, Elections, and International Security","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208733166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","pdf_url":"https://rjsaonline.org/index.php/KJARD/article/download/530/741","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062479","display_name":"Kashmir Journal of Academic Research and Development","issn_l":"3106-7077","issn":["3106-7077","3106-7085"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kashmir Journal of Academic Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://rjsaonline.org/index.php/KJARD/article/download/530/741","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134030297","display_name":"Muhammad Irfan Magray (Corresponding Author)","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801751722","display_name":"Alhamd Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dynqd30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Irfan Magray","raw_affiliation_strings":["IR Department, Alhamd Islamic University,  Quetta Campus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IR Department, Alhamd Islamic University,  Quetta Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135419583","display_name":"Shakeel Shaheen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801751722","display_name":"Alhamd Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dynqd30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shakeel Shaheen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IR Department, Alhamd Islamic University, Quetta Campus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IR Department, Alhamd Islamic University, Quetta Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031245458","display_name":"Nadia Shaheen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801751722","display_name":"Alhamd Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dynqd30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Shaheen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Alhamd Islamic university Islamabad campus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Alhamd Islamic university Islamabad campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801751722"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61671303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"8.1","first_page":"01","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfakes","display_name":"deepfakes","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-media","display_name":"synthetic media","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"disinformation","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"misinformation","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diplomacy","display_name":"diplomacy","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elections","display_name":"elections","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-security","display_name":"international security","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-warfare","display_name":"information warfare","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-operations","display_name":"psychological operations","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-deception","display_name":"strategic deception","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-interference","display_name":"foreign interference","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-manipulation","display_name":"voter manipulation","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-manipulation","display_name":"political manipulation","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemic-trust","display_name":"epistemic trust","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-legitimacy","display_name":"political legitimacy","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-trust","display_name":"public trust","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-literacy","display_name":"AI literacy","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-governance","display_name":"platform governance","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-verification","display_name":"content verification","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-communication","display_name":"political communication","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-polarization","display_name":"political polarization","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-integrity","display_name":"information integrity","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-detection-tools","display_name":"AI detection tools","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.7753000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6644999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90508534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660049","display_name":"Political communication","level":3,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.4375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193521449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915057","display_name":"Biology and political orientation","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509929229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312693","display_name":"International security","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778132726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096872","display_name":"Digital Revolution","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","pdf_url":"https://rjsaonline.org/index.php/KJARD/article/download/530/741","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062479","display_name":"Kashmir Journal of Academic Research and Development","issn_l":"3106-7077","issn":["3106-7077","3106-7085"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kashmir Journal of Academic Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71317/kjard.2.8(s).2026.530","pdf_url":"https://rjsaonline.org/index.php/KJARD/article/download/530/741","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062479","display_name":"Kashmir Journal of Academic Research and Development","issn_l":"3106-7077","issn":["3106-7077","3106-7085"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kashmir Journal of Academic Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208733166.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208733166.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2103879113","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2796536780","https://openalex.org/W2913284693","https://openalex.org/W2913649461","https://openalex.org/W2952813692","https://openalex.org/W2989851933","https://openalex.org/W2995481985","https://openalex.org/W2998718632","https://openalex.org/W3007419529","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3125405799","https://openalex.org/W3137986835","https://openalex.org/W4206236567","https://openalex.org/W4213187648","https://openalex.org/W4389729385","https://openalex.org/W4394803802","https://openalex.org/W4395673644","https://openalex.org/W4401621087","https://openalex.org/W4402130146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6967518023","https://openalex.org/W7081919886","https://openalex.org/W7212047295","https://openalex.org/W7217291980","https://openalex.org/W7203837141","https://openalex.org/W7167414670","https://openalex.org/W7214895666","https://openalex.org/W4399911678","https://openalex.org/W7220224703","https://openalex.org/W7219092697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"and":[4,17,23,29,33,42,66,82,114,131,153,164,182,195,217,227,254,273,276,281,287,306,322,344,359,391,415,423,426,459,494,525],"synthetic":[5,120,457,481],"media":[6,121,339,414,482],"are":[7,26,62,401],"transforming":[8],"the":[9,15,77,117,142,148,165,176,202,209,214,222,228,334,338,341,345,354,365,381,398,453,460,476,518],"modern":[10],"information":[11,91,108,168,304,348,433],"landscape":[12],"by":[13,329],"facilitating":[14],"creation":[16],"dissemination":[18],"of":[19,79,119,126,137,144,150,167,185,211,219,224,230,237,312,317,333,347,356,420,429,456],"text,":[20],"audio,":[21],"images":[22],"video":[24,43],"that":[25,378,397,449],"highly":[27],"realistic":[28],"can":[30,75,86,240,265,293,379,483],"be":[31,87,124,266,294,487,535],"created":[32,48],"reproduced":[34],"at":[35,103],"a":[36,111,127,373,445,537],"rapid":[37],"pace.":[38],"Deepfakes\"":[39],"\u2013":[40,61],"sound":[41],"recordings,":[44],"or":[45,49,58,89,479],"multimodal":[46],"content,":[47],"manipulated":[50],"using":[51],"AI":[52,264,416,430],"to":[53,70,96,208,242,251,268,277,353,404,431,451,486,496,508,529],"represent":[54],"real":[55,80,107],"people,":[56],"events,":[57],"authentic":[59],"statements":[60],"among":[63],"these":[64,145],"developments":[65],"pose":[67],"specific":[68],"challenges":[69],"international":[71,154,297,357,410],"politics,":[72],"as":[73,156,158,299,371,376,475,489],"they":[74,408],"create":[76,255,278],"illusion":[78],"evidence":[81],"actual":[83],"representation.":[84],"Misinformation":[85],"false":[88],"misleading":[90],"disseminated":[92],"without":[93,435],"necessarily":[94],"intending":[95],"mislead,":[97],"whereas":[98],"disinformation":[99,280],"involves":[100],"deliberate":[101],"attempts":[102],"misleading,":[104],"malinformation":[105],"uses":[106,178],"used":[109,267,295],"in":[110,284,296,310,383,463,527],"harmful":[112],"way":[113],"deepfakes":[115,370],"involve":[116],"use":[118,223],"which":[122,384,464],"could":[123],"part":[125],"wider":[128],"computational":[129],"propaganda":[130],"AI-driven":[132],"political":[133,160,191,220,238,330,360,385,438,461],"manipulation.":[134],"The":[135,315,350,440,468],"focus":[136],"this":[138],"work":[139,319],"is":[140,320,327,466,473],"on":[141,147,159,471],"impact":[143,316],"technologies":[146],"nature":[149],"diplomacy,":[151],"elections":[152],"security,":[155],"well":[157],"legitimacy,":[161],"public":[162],"trust":[163],"stability":[166],"ecosystems.":[169],"Using":[170],"an":[171],"interpretivist":[172],"qualitative":[173,179],"research":[174,469],"approach,":[175],"study":[177,351,366,441],"document":[180],"analysis":[181,184,203],"thematic":[183],"academic":[186],"literature,":[187],"policy":[188],"documents,":[189],"documented":[190],"cases,":[192],"institutional":[193,336,412],"reports":[194],"other":[196],"authoritative":[197],"documents.":[198],"Themes":[199],"emerging":[200],"from":[201,505],"include":[204],"interrelated":[205],"issues":[206],"related":[207],"breakdown":[210],"epistemic":[212],"trust,":[213],"increasing":[215],"speed":[216],"personalisation":[218],"influence,":[221],"uncertainty":[225],"strategically":[226],"challenge":[229],"verifying":[231],"disputed":[232],"digital":[233],"content.":[234],"Synthetic":[235],"depictions":[236],"leaders":[239],"add":[241],"official":[243],"communication":[244,361],"misunderstanding,":[245],"exacerbate":[246],"misperceptions,":[247],"make":[248],"it":[249,326,465],"harder":[250],"signal":[252],"crises":[253],"more":[256],"space":[257],"for":[258,301,444,511],"foreign":[259],"interference.":[260],"In":[261],"electoral":[262,285],"contexts,":[263],"enhance":[269],"impersonation,":[270],"voter":[271],"manipulation":[272],"reputational":[274],"attacks,":[275],"coordinated":[279],"undermine":[282],"confidence":[283],"institutions":[286,526],"outcomes":[288],"(International":[289],"IDEA,":[290],"2024).":[291],"Deepfakes":[292],"security":[298],"tools":[300,377,400],"psychological":[302],"operations,":[303],"warfare,":[305],"strategic":[307],"deception,":[308],"especially":[309],"times":[311],"geopolitical":[313],"tension.":[314],"their":[318],"unpredictable":[321],"not":[323,368,402],"pre-determined,":[324],"however;":[325],"influenced":[328],"polarisation,":[331],"views":[332],"audience,":[335],"capacity,":[337],"environment,":[340],"platform":[342],"architecture,":[343],"acceptance":[346],"sources.":[349],"adds":[352],"fields":[355],"relations":[358],"scholarship":[362],"because":[363],"conceptually,":[364],"does":[367],"view":[369],"simply":[372],"technology":[374],"but":[375],"shift":[380],"environment":[382],"actors":[386],"process":[387],"evidence,":[388],"build":[389],"credibility":[390],"act":[392],"collectively.":[393],"These":[394],"results":[395],"suggest":[396],"detection":[399],"enough":[403],"achieve":[405],"effective":[406],"responses;":[407],"need":[409],"collaboration,":[411],"resilience,":[413],"literacy,":[417],"transparent":[418],"governance":[419,428,447],"platforms,":[421,522],"verification":[422],"provenance":[424],"tools,":[425],"responsible":[427],"safeguard":[432],"integrity":[434,533],"stifling":[436],"legitimate":[437],"expression.":[439,531],"thus":[442],"calls":[443],"multi-dimensional":[446],"structure":[448],"seeks":[450],"tackle":[452],"technological":[454],"production":[455],"content":[458],"context":[462],"produced.":[467],"focuses":[470],"what":[472],"known":[474],"\u201cliar's":[477],"dividend,\u201d":[478],"how":[480],"help":[484],"recordings":[485],"dismissed":[488],"fake,":[490],"thereby":[491],"reducing":[492],"accountability":[493],"leading":[495],"ambiguity":[497],"(Chesney":[498],"&":[499],"Citron,":[500],"2019).":[501],"This":[502],"refocuses":[503],"attention":[504],"detecting":[506],"falsehoods":[507],"supporting":[509],"processes":[510],"establishing":[512],"authenticity.":[513],"It":[514],"places":[515],"standards":[516],"upon":[517],"states,":[519],"authorities,":[520],"journalists,":[521],"civil":[523],"society,":[524],"relation":[528],"maintaining":[530],"Information":[532],"must":[534],"considered":[536],"cross-national":[538],"issue.":[539]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}