{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208726658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","title":"Tariff-resilient campus energy transition in Nigeria: Standards-based auditing, retrofit optimisation, and PV\u2013battery techno-economic analysis","display_name":"Tariff-resilient campus energy transition in Nigeria: Standards-based auditing, retrofit optimisation, and PV\u2013battery techno-economic analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208726658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6846437","display_name":"Energy and Buildings","issn_l":"0378-7788","issn":["0378-7788","1872-6178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy and Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039820138","display_name":"Olatunji Ahmed Lawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6875-6504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6875-6504"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129613971","display_name":"Kwara State Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar7jm50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olatunji Ahmed Lawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150053265","display_name":"Kazeem Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129613971","display_name":"Kwara State Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar7jm50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazeem Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113106320","display_name":"Bashir Adewale Bello","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129613971","display_name":"Kwara State Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar7jm50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bashir Adewale Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093804840","display_name":"Ezekiel Damilola Awoyemi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezekiel Damilola Awoyemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Core-Power Limited, Lagos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Core-Power Limited, Lagos, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039820138"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129613971"],"apc_list":{"value":4260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4260},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"371","issue":null,"first_page":"118207","last_page":"118207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.06129999831318855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.04989999905228615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-tariffs","display_name":"electricity tariffs","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-audit","display_name":"energy audit","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-use-intensity","display_name":"energy use intensity","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lighting-retrofit","display_name":"lighting retrofit","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"photovoltaics","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-energy-storage","display_name":"battery energy storage","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/techno-economic-analysis","display_name":"techno-economic analysis","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-side-management","display_name":"demand-side management","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campus-energy-management","display_name":"campus energy management","score":0.5130000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5861999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144553756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15081665","display_name":"Payback period","level":3,"score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206145494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654236","display_name":"ASHRAE 90.1","level":2,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147940328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3393666","display_name":"Peak demand","level":3,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184978287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896121","display_name":"Zero-energy building","level":3,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963375","display_name":"Diesel generator","level":3,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181230689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192472","display_name":"Net present value","level":3,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542589376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127","display_name":"Photovoltaics","level":3,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97615858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341351","display_name":"Energy intensity","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778813691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369832","display_name":"Purchasing","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778281098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885383","display_name":"Deferral","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71554815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200974","display_name":"Nameplate capacity","level":4,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909264111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740419","display_name":"Financial Audit","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6846437","display_name":"Energy and Buildings","issn_l":"0378-7788","issn":["0378-7788","1872-6178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy and Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.75},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074008142","https://openalex.org/W2588822674","https://openalex.org/W2783365607","https://openalex.org/W2901072968","https://openalex.org/W2937751123","https://openalex.org/W2995274261","https://openalex.org/W3048554000","https://openalex.org/W3084412397","https://openalex.org/W3186970547","https://openalex.org/W4310791162","https://openalex.org/W4391137322","https://openalex.org/W4391287885","https://openalex.org/W4409764526","https://openalex.org/W4412447469","https://openalex.org/W4415569951","https://openalex.org/W4415765885","https://openalex.org/W4416646272","https://openalex.org/W7108220171","https://openalex.org/W7117294906","https://openalex.org/W7143377371","https://openalex.org/W7151224444","https://openalex.org/W7171942653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184316582","https://openalex.org/W2276260177","https://openalex.org/W7106490839","https://openalex.org/W4413943698","https://openalex.org/W3094031653","https://openalex.org/W4295713354","https://openalex.org/W3004354153","https://openalex.org/W3014912943","https://openalex.org/W7204490026","https://openalex.org/W2908344761"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-06T09:10:53.072986","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}
