{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208719491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Differentiation of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Retrospective, Analytical and Observational Case-Control Design","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Differentiation of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Retrospective, Analytical and Observational Case-Control Design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208719491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223672","display_name":"Brain Science Advances","issn_l":"2096-5958","issn":["2096-5958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Science Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119643354","display_name":"Yvanne Joshua Rabe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109993","display_name":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxjzf54","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281675","display_name":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04q9ae819","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvanne Joshua C. Rabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050469009","display_name":"Monique Therese S. Punsalan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-3228","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-3228"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109993","display_name":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxjzf54","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281675","display_name":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04q9ae819","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monique Therese B. Punsalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009070081","display_name":"Lindt Camille O Alba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9552-2074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9552-2074"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109993","display_name":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxjzf54","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281675","display_name":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04q9ae819","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindt Camille O. Alba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149995769","display_name":"Charles Matthew B. Talaue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109993","display_name":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxjzf54","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281675","display_name":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04q9ae819","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Matthew B. Talaue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.6606000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.6606000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.17970000207424164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.14149999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ischemic-stroke","display_name":"ischemic stroke","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemorrhagic-stroke","display_name":"hemorrhagic stroke","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-diagnosis-of-stroke","display_name":"differential diagnosis of stroke","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/google-gemini","display_name":"Google Gemini","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-and-physical-examination","display_name":"history and physical examination","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019719930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value","level":2,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202","display_name":"Ischemic stroke","level":3,"score":0.663100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.6169000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780247198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633403","display_name":"Weakness","level":2,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4862390","display_name":"Brain ischemia","level":3,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992897362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188952","display_name":"Clinical history","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223672","display_name":"Brain Science Advances","issn_l":"2096-5958","issn":["2096-5958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Science Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92babfdc49b14f81a34577cec5eb7d65","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92babfdc49b14f81a34577cec5eb7d65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brain Science Advances, Vol 12 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2026.905023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223672","display_name":"Brain Science Advances","issn_l":"2096-5958","issn":["2096-5958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Science Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386867830","https://openalex.org/W4388995978","https://openalex.org/W4392855738","https://openalex.org/W4396570449","https://openalex.org/W4396585085","https://openalex.org/W4400729389","https://openalex.org/W4405078499","https://openalex.org/W4405326640","https://openalex.org/W4411453348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413551353","https://openalex.org/W7160048119","https://openalex.org/W4200318083","https://openalex.org/W7126065871","https://openalex.org/W4416167639","https://openalex.org/W4400896041","https://openalex.org/W4408449539","https://openalex.org/W7163074904","https://openalex.org/W4317233322","https://openalex.org/W3160458935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Rapid":[1],"differentiation":[2],"between":[3],"ischemic":[4,34,146,175],"and":[5,40,86,94,156,158,162,195],"hemorrhagic":[6,36,109,130,152,177],"stroke":[7,37,59,103,147,153],"is":[8],"essential":[9],"because":[10],"management":[11],"differs":[12],"significantly.":[13],"In":[14],"settings":[15,187],"without":[16],"immediate":[17],"neuroimaging,":[18],"artificial":[19],"intelligence":[20],"(AI)":[21],"may":[22,180],"assist":[23],"early":[24],"decision-making.":[25],"To":[26],"evaluate":[27],"the":[28,113,120],"performance":[29],"of":[30,134],"AI":[31,77,79,166,179],"in":[32,60,129,185],"distinguishing":[33],"from":[35,64],"using":[38],"history":[39],"physical":[41],"examination":[42],"alone.":[43],"Methods:":[44],"This":[45],"retrospective,":[46],"observational,":[47],"case-control":[48],"study":[49],"included":[50],"54":[51],"adults":[52],"(27":[53],"ischemic,":[54],"27":[55],"hemorrhagic)":[56],"with":[57,83,171],"neuroimaging-confirmed":[58],"a":[61,75],"tertiary":[62],"hospital":[63],"January":[65],"to":[66],"June":[67],"2025.":[68],"De-identified":[69],"clinical":[70],"data":[71],"were":[72,81,99,105,160],"entered":[73],"into":[74],"structured":[76],"prompt.":[78],"predictions":[80],"compared":[82],"imaging":[84],"diagnoses,":[85],"accuracy,":[87],"sensitivity,":[88],"specificity,":[89],"positive":[90],"predictive":[91,96],"value":[92,97],"(PPV),":[93],"negative":[95],"(NPV)":[98],"calculated.":[100],"Results:":[101],"Ischemic":[102],"patients":[104],"slightly":[106],"older":[107],"than":[108,176],"cases;":[110],"hypertension":[111],"was":[112,119,139,148,154],"most":[114,121],"frequent":[115],"comorbidity.":[116],"One-sided":[117],"weakness":[118],"common":[122],"presenting":[123],"symptom,":[124],"while":[125],"headache":[126],"occurred":[127],"only":[128],"stroke.":[131,178],"Overall":[132],"accuracy":[133,173],"Google":[135],"Gemini":[136],"2.5":[137],"Pro":[138],"66.7%":[140],"(p":[141],"=":[142],"0.0099).":[143],"Sensitivity":[144],"for":[145,151,174],"85.2%,":[149],"specificity":[150],"48.1%,":[155],"PPV":[157],"NPV":[159],"62.2%":[161],"76.5%,":[163],"respectively.":[164],"Conclusion:":[165],"demonstrated":[167],"moderate":[168],"diagnostic":[169],"performance,":[170],"greater":[172],"serve":[181],"as":[182],"an":[183],"adjunct":[184],"resource-limited":[186],"but":[188],"should":[189],"not":[190],"replace":[191],"neuroimaging.":[192],"Larger":[193],"studies":[194],"model":[196],"refinement":[197],"are":[198],"recommended.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}