{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208718320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","title":"Association Between the Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Real-World Retrospective Study","display_name":"Association Between the Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Real-World Retrospective Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208718320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42792737","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13604466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/biomedicines14091995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737005842","display_name":"Biomedicines","issn_l":"2227-9059","issn":["2227-9059"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedicines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102961566","display_name":"Al\u0131 Erol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-4714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-4714"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167185","display_name":"S.B.\u00dc. Bursa Y\u00fcksek \u0130htisas E\u011fitim ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Hastanesi","ror":"https://ror.org/05nhkt138","country_code":"TR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167185"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Erol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Y\u00fcksek \u0130htisas Training and Research Hospital, 16100 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-4714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Y\u00fcksek \u0130htisas Training and Research Hospital, 16100 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123660882","display_name":"Muhammet Fatih \u015eahin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-4057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-4057"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammet Fatih \u015eahin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Kestel State Hospital, 16100 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-4057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kestel State Hospital, 16100 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123660882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":3.4972,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86471703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"1995","last_page":"1995"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triglyceride-to-hdl-cholesterol-ratio","display_name":"triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atherogenic-dyslipidemia","display_name":"atherogenic dyslipidemia","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-index","display_name":"lipid index","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fenofibrate","display_name":"fenofibrate","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-markers","display_name":"surrogate markers","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c-thresholds","display_name":"HbA1c thresholds","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-stratification","display_name":"cardiovascular risk stratification","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statin-use","display_name":"statin use","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-lowering-therapy","display_name":"lipid-lowering therapy","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-world-patients","display_name":"real-world patients","score":0.38199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.7973999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.5626000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5414999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5310999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778110834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419724","display_name":"Fenofibrate","level":2,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020110884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695416","display_name":"Outpatient clinic","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778270857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2723972","display_name":"Lipid profile","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777393523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50008082","display_name":"Hemoglobin A","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656","display_name":"Cholesterol","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778096610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476525","display_name":"Dyslipidemia","level":3,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776839432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954845","display_name":"Statin","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141341695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2368661","display_name":"Surrogate endpoint","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144494922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6547272","display_name":"Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/biomedicines14091995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737005842","display_name":"Biomedicines","issn_l":"2227-9059","issn":["2227-9059"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedicines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13604466","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13604466/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13604466/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedicines","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42792737","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42792737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedicines","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3247397038cb44b2beb9d8b37ca2ecf0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3247397038cb44b2beb9d8b37ca2ecf0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biomedicines, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 1995 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/biomedicines14091995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737005842","display_name":"Biomedicines","issn_l":"2227-9059","issn":["2227-9059"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedicines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208718320.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208718320.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963726764","https://openalex.org/W1969831395","https://openalex.org/W2016222283","https://openalex.org/W2020659754","https://openalex.org/W2021976026","https://openalex.org/W2035576567","https://openalex.org/W2072843742","https://openalex.org/W2102063342","https://openalex.org/W2104005551","https://openalex.org/W2104349373","https://openalex.org/W2123946565","https://openalex.org/W2140964565","https://openalex.org/W2152575748","https://openalex.org/W2163991584","https://openalex.org/W2406667529","https://openalex.org/W2599076725","https://openalex.org/W2820707192","https://openalex.org/W2899901660","https://openalex.org/W2948811059","https://openalex.org/W2990725077","https://openalex.org/W3216160339","https://openalex.org/W4200026682","https://openalex.org/W4221006653","https://openalex.org/W4384931518","https://openalex.org/W4386151915","https://openalex.org/W4400350293","https://openalex.org/W4401835714","https://openalex.org/W4417121408","https://openalex.org/W4417121413","https://openalex.org/W4417523995","https://openalex.org/W7125491076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165542114","https://openalex.org/W2990725077","https://openalex.org/W4413868700","https://openalex.org/W7104031500","https://openalex.org/W7217049361","https://openalex.org/W7218916216","https://openalex.org/W4393268529","https://openalex.org/W4385458560","https://openalex.org/W2406667529","https://openalex.org/W7211951505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,18,36,67,76,108,120,135,195,203,212,239,351],"Objectives:":[2],"The":[3,102,187,201,214,269,288],"triglyceride-to-high-density":[4],"lipoprotein":[5],"cholesterol":[6],"ratio":[7,27,66,107,153,216,249,290,321],"(TG/HDL-C)":[8],"is":[9,312],"a":[10,29,302,326],"simple":[11,30],"lipid":[12,352],"index":[13],"associated":[14,251,292,346],"with":[15,44,50,73,84,175,208,221,227,252,293,299,347],"insulin":[16,34,131],"resistance":[17,35],"atherogenic":[19],"dyslipidemia.":[20],"Previous":[21],"evidence":[22],"has":[23],"supported":[24],"the":[25,61,64,105,147,151,247,319],"TG/HDL-C":[26,65,106,152,215,248,289,320],"as":[28,95,340],"surrogate":[31],"marker":[32,345],"of":[33,150,172,179,197],"an":[37,341,348],"adverse":[38,349],"metabolic":[39,344],"profile.":[40,353],"However,":[41,307],"its":[42,308,315],"relationship":[43],"glycemic":[45,69,91,109,157,185,254,295,334,350],"control":[46,70,92,110,255,296],"in":[47,71,87,219,225,297],"real-world":[48],"patients":[49,72,83,166,174,220,298],"type":[51],"2":[52],"diabetes":[53],"mellitus":[54],"(T2DM)":[55],"remains":[56],"uncertain.":[57],"This":[58,78],"study":[59,81],"evaluated":[60],"association":[62,103,270,304],"between":[63,104],"poor":[68,156,184,253,294,333],"T2DM.":[74],"Materials":[75],"Methods:":[77],"retrospective":[79],"observational":[80],"included":[82],"T2DM":[85,176],"followed":[86],"outpatient":[88],"clinics.":[89],"Poor":[90],"was":[93,111,143,162,190,217,291],"defined":[94],"glycated":[96],"hemoglobin":[97],"A1c":[98],"(HbA1c)":[99],"\u2265":[100],"7%.":[101],"assessed":[112],"using":[113],"group":[114],"comparisons,":[115],"Spearman":[116],"correlation,":[117],"tertile":[118],"analysis,":[119,246],"multivariable":[121,245],"logistic":[122],"regression":[123],"adjusted":[124],"for":[125,154,258,332],"age,":[126],"sex,":[127],"LDL-C,":[128],"total":[129,171],"cholesterol,":[130],"use,":[132,134],"statin":[133],"fenofibrate":[136,275],"use.":[137],"Receiver":[138],"operating":[139],"characteristic":[140],"(ROC)":[141],"analysis":[142,161,278],"used":[144],"to":[145,210],"evaluate":[146],"discriminatory":[148,310,317],"performance":[149,311],"identifying":[155],"control.":[158,186],"A":[159,170],"sensitivity":[160],"performed":[163],"after":[164,256,273],"excluding":[165,274],"receiving":[167],"fenofibrate.":[168],"Results:":[169],"1001":[173],"were":[177,199,206],"included,":[178],"whom":[180],"568":[181],"(56.7%)":[182],"had":[183],"mean":[188],"age":[189,211],"60.9":[191],"\u00b1":[192],"11.4":[193],"years,":[194],"57.1%":[196],"participants":[198],"women.":[200],"poor-":[202],"adequate-glycemic-control":[204],"groups":[205],"comparable":[207],"respect":[209],"sex.":[213],"higher":[218],"HbA1c":[222,228],"\u22657%":[223],"than":[224],"those":[226],"<":[229,237,267],"7%":[230],"[3.35":[231],"(2.35\u20135.00)":[232],"vs.":[233],"2.74":[234],"(1.87\u20133.82),":[235],"p":[236,266],"0.001]":[238],"increased":[240],"progressively":[241],"across":[242,305],"tertiles.":[243,306],"In":[244],"remained":[250,271],"adjustment":[257],"available":[259],"covariates":[260],"(OR:":[261],"1.201,":[262],"95%":[263,284],"CI:":[264,285],"1.125\u20131.282,":[265],"0.001).":[268],"significant":[272],"users.":[276],"ROC":[277],"showed":[279],"modest":[280,316],"discrimination":[281],"(AUC:":[282],"0.601,":[283],"0.566\u20130.636).":[286],"Conclusions:":[287],"T2DM,":[300],"showing":[301],"graded":[303],"standalone":[309,327],"modest.":[313],"Given":[314],"performance,":[318],"should":[322],"not":[323],"be":[324],"considered":[325],"diagnostic":[328],"or":[329],"predictive":[330],"tool":[331],"control;":[335],"rather,":[336],"it":[337],"may":[338],"serve":[339],"accessible":[342],"adjunctive":[343]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}
