{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208712958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","title":"Evaluating GPT-4o Model Proficiency and Clinical Reasoning for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Dentistry","display_name":"Evaluating GPT-4o Model Proficiency and Clinical Reasoning for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Dentistry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208712958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/03/2026.09.01.26361980.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/03/2026.09.01.26361980.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135900306","display_name":"Madison Dick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1567-437X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1567-437X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madison Dick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1567-437X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087116170","display_name":"Sreenath Arekunnath Madathil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-6518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-6518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreenath Madathil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-6518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150027356","display_name":"Aditya Patel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071387220","display_name":"Harsimran Singh Kapoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-2941","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-2941"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harsimran Singh Kapoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-2941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150002146","display_name":"Mridul Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1406-2475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1406-2475"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mridul Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1406-2475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056752760","display_name":"Zaneta Ivy D\u2019souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-5553","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-5553"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaneta D\u2019Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-5553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133808660","display_name":"Shahul Hameed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahul Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060654602","display_name":"Mohammad Abusamak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-0055","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-0055"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abu-Samak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150027500","display_name":"Amin Najirad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Najirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150016862","display_name":"Dirgham Dwairi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirgham Dwairi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150030373","display_name":"Osama Radaideh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama Radaideh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024616677","display_name":"Belinda Farias Nicolau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2317","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2317"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Belinda Nicolau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024616677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-stewardship","display_name":"antimicrobial stewardship","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-reasoning","display_name":"clinical reasoning","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-evaluation-of-ai","display_name":"human evaluation of AI","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-prophylaxis","display_name":"dental prophylaxis","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-education","display_name":"dental education","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-as-educational-tool","display_name":"AI as educational tool","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-difficulty","display_name":"question difficulty","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6258999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776040555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19903321","display_name":"Antimicrobial stewardship","level":4,"score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020452639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454812","display_name":"Clinical judgment","level":2,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992562121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817808","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777950569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021836","display_name":"Stewardship (theology)","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777614013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418318","display_name":"Evidence-based dentistry","level":3,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776693998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259410","display_name":"Dental care","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68443243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2786686","display_name":"Quartile","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994040737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dental research","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/03/2026.09.01.26361980.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361980","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/03/2026.09.01.26361980.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208712958.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7208712958.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067535017","https://openalex.org/W2561007693","https://openalex.org/W2895397646","https://openalex.org/W2947171143","https://openalex.org/W2969342185","https://openalex.org/W2981409444","https://openalex.org/W2998433052","https://openalex.org/W3005939855","https://openalex.org/W3013702021","https://openalex.org/W3102934136","https://openalex.org/W3153822106","https://openalex.org/W4200372234","https://openalex.org/W4206677002","https://openalex.org/W4281255930","https://openalex.org/W4311662852","https://openalex.org/W4360891289","https://openalex.org/W4361289889","https://openalex.org/W4378953158","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4387564414","https://openalex.org/W4389086656","https://openalex.org/W4391027805","https://openalex.org/W4396695780","https://openalex.org/W4399772160","https://openalex.org/W4402311284","https://openalex.org/W4402557213","https://openalex.org/W4403360926","https://openalex.org/W4403379289","https://openalex.org/W4404732108","https://openalex.org/W4406152263","https://openalex.org/W4406152279","https://openalex.org/W4408062677","https://openalex.org/W4408178077","https://openalex.org/W4409430637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133324490","https://openalex.org/W4403543442","https://openalex.org/W7212402902","https://openalex.org/W4411297849","https://openalex.org/W7154955101","https://openalex.org/W7162441663","https://openalex.org/W7208755882","https://openalex.org/W7142701371","https://openalex.org/W7204155436","https://openalex.org/W7214109521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objectives":[1],"Dentists":[2],"prescribe":[3],"approximately":[4],"one":[5],"in":[6,16,33,198],"ten":[7],"antibiotics":[8],"worldwide,":[9],"yet":[10],"antimicrobial":[11],"stewardship":[12],"(AMS)":[13],"remains":[14],"underemphasized":[15],"dental":[17,46,61,199],"education.":[18],"Large":[19],"language":[20],"models":[21],"(LLMs)":[22],"may":[23],"support":[24],"AMS":[25,222],"training,":[26],"but":[27,216],"their":[28],"proficiency":[29,193],"and":[30,42,73,85,103,108,112,115,119,156,170,194],"clinical":[31,43,76,214],"reasoning":[32,44,157,197],"this":[34],"context":[35],"remain":[36],"unclear.":[37],"We":[38,55],"evaluated":[39,92],"GPT-4o\u2019s":[40],"accuracy":[41],"on":[45,60,181],"antibiotic":[47,62,200],"prescribing":[48,63,201],"questions,":[49],"stratified":[50],"by":[51],"question":[52,72],"difficulty.":[53],"Methods":[54],"assembled":[56],"125":[57],"multiple-choice":[58],"questions":[59,122,183,187],"from":[64],"eight":[65],"peer-reviewed":[66],"studies":[67],"(2017\u20132023).":[68],"GPT-4o":[69,127,190],"answered":[70,129],"each":[71,158],"generated":[74],"a":[75,175,220],"justification.":[77],"Accuracy":[78,133],"was":[79,165],"assessed":[80],"against":[81],"source-study":[82],"answer":[83],"keys":[84],"examined":[86],"across":[87,137,150],"difficulty":[88,138],"quartiles.":[89],"Justifications":[90],"were":[91,123],"using":[93],"an":[94],"adapted":[95],"12-axis":[96],"human-evaluation":[97],"framework":[98],"assessing":[99],"scientific":[100],"consensus,":[101],"extent":[102],"likelihood":[104],"of":[105,131,147,172],"harm,":[106],"inappropriate":[107],"missing":[109],"content,":[110],"bias,":[111],"both":[113],"correct":[114],"incorrect":[116],"comprehension,":[117],"retrieval,":[118,155],"reasoning.":[120],"Prophylaxis-specific":[121],"analysed":[124],"separately.":[125],"Results":[126],"correctly":[128],"72%":[130],"questions.":[132,202],"remained":[134],"relatively":[135],"stable":[136],"quartiles":[139],"(78%,":[140],"78%,":[141],"65%,":[142],"70%).":[143],"Experts":[144],"rated":[145],"95.4%":[146],"justifications":[148,173],"positively":[149],"the":[151,166],"12":[152],"axes.":[153],"Comprehension,":[154],"exceeded":[159,185],"96.2%":[160],"positive":[161],"ratings.":[162],"Missing":[163],"content":[164],"main":[167],"weakness":[168],"(7.8%),":[169],"7.1%":[171],"showed":[174],"moderate-to-severe":[176],"potential":[177,218],"for":[178,212],"harm.":[179],"Performance":[180],"prophylaxis-specific":[182],"(98.1%)":[184],"non-prophylaxis":[186],"(93.0%).":[188],"Conclusions":[189],"demonstrated":[191],"moderate-to-high":[192],"clinically":[195],"defensible":[196],"However,":[203],"residual":[204],"risks":[205],"indicate":[206],"that":[207],"it":[208],"is":[209],"not":[210],"suitable":[211],"unsupervised":[213],"use":[215],"shows":[217],"as":[219],"supervised":[221],"educational":[223],"tool.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}
