{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7208705776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70405","title":"Terrain\u2010Based Automated Detection of FAST\u2010Type Karst Depressions Using Multi\u2010Scale Template Matching and Multi\u2010Metric Similarity from DEM Data","display_name":"Terrain\u2010Based Automated Detection of FAST\u2010Type Karst Depressions Using Multi\u2010Scale Template Matching and Multi\u2010Metric Similarity from DEM Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7208705776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/esp.70405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92316360","display_name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","issn_l":"0197-9337","issn":["0197-9337","0360-1269","1096-9837","1931-8065"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7208705776"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018865176","display_name":"Xianwu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-411X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-411X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianwu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Technology Engineering Research Center of Microwave Remote Sensing and Resource Environment Monitoring Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-411X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Technology Engineering Research Center of Microwave Remote Sensing and Resource Environment Monitoring Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136893890","display_name":"Tingjie Wen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingjie Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136888988","display_name":"Jingke Lv","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingke Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137834503","display_name":"Ningyi Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137866519","display_name":"Tiantian Wen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences Xinyang Normal University  Xinyang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018865176"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"],"apc_list":{"value":5330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12083","display_name":"Karst Systems and Hydrogeology","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12083","display_name":"Karst Systems and Hydrogeology","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12577","display_name":"Geography and Environmental Studies","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karst-depressions","display_name":"karst depressions","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-scale-matching","display_name":"multi-scale matching","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-similarity-index","display_name":"structural similarity index","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"mutual information","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-zones","display_name":"fault zones","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/site-selection","display_name":"site selection","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182348080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16817","display_name":"Karst","level":2,"score":0.8428000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6798999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6452000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331","display_name":"Template","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158096908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983303","display_name":"Template matching","level":3,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133214962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial photography","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/esp.70405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92316360","display_name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","issn_l":"0197-9337","issn":["0197-9337","0360-1269","1096-9837","1931-8065"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5798835787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41701449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7687432007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262300421770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335834","display_name":"Nanhu Scholars Program for Young Scholars of Xinyang Normal University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W317957491","https://openalex.org/W1888265771","https://openalex.org/W1967623333","https://openalex.org/W1988058184","https://openalex.org/W1993332844","https://openalex.org/W2027233479","https://openalex.org/W2087309216","https://openalex.org/W2087536601","https://openalex.org/W2092939357","https://openalex.org/W2099474155","https://openalex.org/W2153978805","https://openalex.org/W2210958309","https://openalex.org/W2747031652","https://openalex.org/W2795017839","https://openalex.org/W2941936241","https://openalex.org/W2954333011","https://openalex.org/W2969714093","https://openalex.org/W3022338529","https://openalex.org/W3120574285","https://openalex.org/W3146352874","https://openalex.org/W3169042948","https://openalex.org/W3196437333","https://openalex.org/W4220811244","https://openalex.org/W4280596611","https://openalex.org/W4292295060","https://openalex.org/W4294711848","https://openalex.org/W4380088166","https://openalex.org/W4380684827","https://openalex.org/W4385271088","https://openalex.org/W4387610853","https://openalex.org/W4394997075","https://openalex.org/W4399888191","https://openalex.org/W4401449011","https://openalex.org/W4406927613","https://openalex.org/W4407079518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130324143","https://openalex.org/W2054965399","https://openalex.org/W2223666496","https://openalex.org/W1993332844","https://openalex.org/W2795017839","https://openalex.org/W2150117092","https://openalex.org/W2890840160","https://openalex.org/W1967623333","https://openalex.org/W2884030839","https://openalex.org/W2037384546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,215],"completion":[2],"of":[3,15,211,238],"the":[4,13,131],"Five\u2010hundred\u2010metre":[5],"Aperture":[6],"Spherical":[7],"radio":[8],"Telescope":[9],"(FAST)":[10],"has":[11],"demonstrated":[12],"advantages":[14],"utilizing":[16],"large":[17],"natural":[18],"depressions":[19,135,158,217],"for":[20,34,174,207],"astronomical":[21],"facility":[22],"siting":[23],"in":[24,39,45,128],"karst":[25,50,126,213],"regions.":[26],"However,":[27],"efficiently":[28],"and":[29,41,48,88,100,108,148,166,193,203,249],"automatically":[30],"identifying":[31],"terrain\u2010morphological":[32,172],"candidates":[33,223],"FAST\u2010type":[35,176,212,231],"installations":[36],"remains":[37],"challenging":[38],"geomorphological":[40,222],"geospatial":[42],"analyses,":[43],"especially":[44],"highly":[46],"fragmented":[47],"scale\u2010variable":[49],"terrains.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53,197],"study,":[54],"we":[55],"develop":[56],"an":[57,200],"AI\u2010oriented,":[58],"knowledge\u2010guided":[59],"DEM\u2010based":[60,205],"framework":[61],"that":[62],"integrates":[63],"multi\u2010scale":[64],"spherical\u2010cap":[65],"template":[66],"matching":[67,138],"with":[68,112,136,153],"multidimensional":[69],"computer\u2010vision":[70],"similarity":[71,89,96],"assessment.":[72],"Spherical\u2010cap":[73],"DEM":[74],"templates":[75],"at":[76,144],"multiple":[77],"scales":[78],"are":[79,115],"matched":[80],"to":[81,117,123],"real":[82],"terrain":[83],"using":[84,92],"a":[85,124],"sliding\u2010window":[86],"scheme":[87],"is":[90],"quantified":[91],"Pearson":[93],"correlation,":[94],"structural":[95,191],"index":[97],"measure":[98],"(SSIM)":[99],"mutual":[101],"information":[102],"(MI).":[103],"Depth":[104],"thresholds,":[105],"area\u2013depth":[106],"ratios":[107],"local\u2010minima":[109],"conditions,":[110,244],"combined":[111],"spatial":[113,151],"clustering,":[114],"applied":[116,122],"extract":[118],"representative":[119],"depressions.":[120,214],"When":[121],"typical":[125],"region":[127],"Southwest":[129],"China,":[130],"method":[132],"identified":[133,216],"245":[134],"composite":[137],"scores":[139],"above":[140],"0.70,":[141],"which":[142],"cluster":[143],"mid\u2010elevations":[145],"(800\u20131500":[146],"m)":[147],"show":[149],"strong":[150],"associations":[152],"regional":[154],"fault":[155],"zones.":[156],"High\u2010scoring":[157],"generally":[159],"exhibit":[160],"high":[161],"circularity,":[162],"low":[163],"edge\u2010relief":[164],"variability":[165],"geometrically":[167],"regular":[168],"outlines,":[169],"indicating":[170],"favourable":[171],"conditions":[173],"preliminary":[175,209],"candidate":[177],"screening.":[178],"Further":[179],"analyses":[180],"suggest":[181],"potential":[182],"linkages":[183],"among":[184],"depression":[185],"size,":[186],"morphometric":[187],"attributes,":[188],"lithological":[189],"assemblages,":[190],"setting":[192],"hydrogeomorphic":[194],"evolution.":[195],"Overall,":[196],"study":[198],"provides":[199],"efficient,":[201],"interpretable":[202],"transferable":[204],"workflow":[206],"terrain\u2010based":[208],"screening":[210],"should":[218],"be":[219],"regarded":[220],"as":[221],"rather":[224],"than":[225],"final":[226],"engineering":[227],"sites,":[228],"because":[229],"practical":[230],"site":[232],"selection":[233],"also":[234],"requires":[235],"further":[236],"evaluation":[237],"geological":[239],"stability,":[240],"transportation":[241],"accessibility,":[242],"meteorological":[243],"hydrological":[245],"safety,":[246],"electromagnetic":[247],"environment":[248],"construction":[250],"feasibility.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-05T00:00:00"}