{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7207864579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","title":"Community-Based Surveillance of Zoonotic Diseases in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of One Health Collaboration, Systems Leadership, and Implementation Gaps","display_name":"Community-Based Surveillance of Zoonotic Diseases in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of One Health Collaboration, Systems Leadership, and Implementation Gaps","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7207864579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22256587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130171164","display_name":"A. G. Essiet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Essiet, A.G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149819052","display_name":"P.S Essie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Essie, P.S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149377015","display_name":"A.A. Gordon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0031-7867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0031-7867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon, A.A","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149310285","display_name":"E.E. Offiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9606-1306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9606-1306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Offiong, E.E","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Basic Sciences, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic Sciences, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149463690","display_name":"I.P Etukudo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Etukudo, I.P","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Basic Sciences, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic Sciences, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115415424","display_name":"N. F. Masok","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masok, N.F","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Health, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149242418","display_name":"O.O. Ajibola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2906-4688","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2906-4688"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257393","display_name":"Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0573qkz50","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajibola, O.O","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Health, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health, Federal College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Jos, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257393"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149367164","display_name":"I.O. Usuanlele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usuanlele, I.O","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12492","display_name":"Zoonotic diseases and public health","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12492","display_name":"Zoonotic diseases and public health","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11581","display_name":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11560","display_name":"Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoonoses","display_name":"zoonoses","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-surveillance","display_name":"community-based surveillance","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-health","display_name":"One Health","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-leadership","display_name":"systems leadership","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersectoral-coordination","display_name":"intersectoral coordination","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lassa-fever","display_name":"Lassa fever","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rabies","display_name":"rabies","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mpox","display_name":"monkeypox","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-disease-surveillance","display_name":"animal health monitoring","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-interoperability","display_name":"data interoperability","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-engagement","display_name":"community participation","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-gap","display_name":"implementation gap","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-promotion","display_name":"health promotion","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-health-workers","display_name":"animal health workers","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-government","display_name":"local government","score":0.34700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780120632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092706","display_name":"One Health","level":3,"score":0.6814000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776480101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3555250","display_name":"Disease surveillance","level":3,"score":0.6674000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018527248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182672","display_name":"Zoonotic disease","level":3,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62558387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Epidemiological surveillance","level":3,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519248777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160122","display_name":"Influenza A virus subtype H5N1","level":3,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780984029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2930198","display_name":"Stakeholder engagement","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776353676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182672","display_name":"Zoonosis","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991862235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Animal health","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776193868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154950","display_name":"Community engagement","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39222","display_name":"Rabies","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909991059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Epidemiologic Surveillance","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22256587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22256588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22256587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22256587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414929722","https://openalex.org/W4416108183","https://openalex.org/W4412448665","https://openalex.org/W7204191216","https://openalex.org/W2800248815","https://openalex.org/W7130644277","https://openalex.org/W4415099362","https://openalex.org/W7215040081","https://openalex.org/W7139932765","https://openalex.org/W7170224470"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nigeria":[0,121,167],"has":[1],"been":[2],"recognised":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5],"global":[6],"hotspot":[7],"for":[8,96],"zoonotic":[9,20,44,54,111,257,284],"diseases,":[10,258],"with":[11,179,193,248],"more":[12],"than":[13],"60%":[14],"of":[15,26,162,238,256,261,337,346],"human":[16,190,205],"infectious":[17],"diseases":[18],"being":[19],"in":[21,35,57,120,321,349],"origin.":[22],"Despite":[23],"the":[24,50,144,335,343],"adoption":[25],"One":[27,61,114,275,301],"Health":[28,62,115,276,302],"policies":[29],"and":[30,41,66,76,89,101,107,136,157,174,209,228,251,279,290,312,325,342],"frameworks,":[31],"significant":[32],"gaps":[33,213,271],"persist":[34],"community-level":[36,280],"surveillance,":[37,113],"undermining":[38],"early":[39],"detection":[40,255],"response":[42],"to":[43,182],"threats.":[45],"This":[46,265],"scoping":[47,70,266],"review":[48,71,267],"examines":[49],"evidence":[51,260],"on":[52,60],"community-based":[53,118,283,338],"disease":[55,112],"surveillance":[56,119,129,285,318,340],"Nigeria,":[58],"focusing":[59],"collaboration,":[63,116],"systems":[64,140,247,294],"leadership,":[65],"implementation":[67,270],"gaps.":[68],"A":[69,139],"was":[72],"conducted":[73],"following":[74],"Arksey":[75],"O'Malley's":[77],"methodological":[78],"framework.":[79],"Systematic":[80],"searches":[81],"were":[82,122],"performed":[83],"across":[84,204],"PubMed,":[85],"Google":[86],"Scholar,":[87],"Scopus,":[88],"institutional":[90,291],"websites":[91],"(NCDC,":[92],"WHO":[93],"Afro,":[94],"FAO)":[95],"peer-reviewed":[97,152],"literature,":[98],"policy":[99,137,155,277],"documents,":[100,156],"grey":[102],"literature":[103],"published":[104],"between":[105,272],"2000":[106],"2026.":[108],"Studies":[109],"examining":[110],"or":[117],"included.":[123],"Data":[124],"extraction":[125],"captured":[126],"epidemiological":[127],"indicators,":[128],"system":[130],"characteristics,":[131],"stakeholder":[132],"roles,":[133],"identified":[134,214],"gaps,":[135],"commitments.":[138],"leadership":[141,295],"framework":[142],"guided":[143],"analysis.":[145],"Twenty-six":[146],"documents":[147],"met":[148],"inclusion":[149],"criteria:":[150],"14":[151],"articles,":[153],"8":[154],"4":[158],"technical":[159],"reports.":[160],"As":[161],"Epidemiological":[163],"Week":[164],"26,":[165],"2026,":[166],"recorded":[168],"922":[169],"confirmed":[170],"Lassa":[171],"fever":[172],"cases":[173],"221":[175],"deaths":[176,191],"(CFR":[177],"24.0%),":[178],"outbreaks":[180],"spreading":[181],"23":[183],"states.":[184],"Rabies":[185],"causes":[186],"an":[187],"estimated":[188],"1,000-2,000":[189],"annually,":[192],"children":[194],"under":[195,254],"15":[196],"disproportionately":[197],"affected.":[198],"Stakeholder":[199],"mapping":[200],"revealed":[201],"fragmented":[202,245],"coordination":[203,219,303,348],"health,":[206,208],"animal":[207,313],"environmental":[210],"sectors.":[211],"Critical":[212],"include:":[215],"(1)":[216],"weak":[217],"intersectoral":[218,347],"at":[220,305],"local":[221,306],"government":[222,307],"levels;":[223],"(2)":[224],"inadequate":[225],"community":[226,310],"engagement":[227],"health":[229,311,314],"promotion;":[230],"(3)":[231],"limited":[232,249],"veterinary":[233],"sector":[234],"participation":[235],"(only":[236],"3.6%":[237],"veterinarians":[239],"demonstrated":[240],"good":[241],"IDSR":[242],"practice);":[243],"(4)":[244],"data":[246],"interoperability;":[250],"(5)":[252],"substantial":[253],"including":[259],"silent":[262],"mpox":[263],"transmission.":[264],"reveals":[268],"persistent":[269],"Nigeria's":[273],"comprehensive":[274],"frameworks":[278],"practice.":[281],"Strengthening":[282],"requires":[286],"addressing":[287],"structural,":[288],"cultural,":[289],"barriers":[292],"through":[293],"approaches.":[296],"Recommendations":[297],"include":[298],"establishing":[299],"formalised":[300],"mechanisms":[304],"levels,":[308],"integrating":[309],"workers":[315],"into":[316],"unified":[317],"systems,":[319],"investing":[320],"interoperable":[322],"digital":[323],"platforms,":[324],"implementing":[326],"regular":[327],"joint":[328],"training":[329],"programmes.":[330],"Future":[331],"research":[332],"should":[333],"examine":[334],"effectiveness":[336],"participatory":[339],"models":[341],"political":[344],"economy":[345],"resource-constrained":[350],"settings":[351]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-09-04T00:00:00"}
