{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7207721879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.02009","title":"Bell inequality violation with momentum-entangled massive particles","display_name":"Bell inequality violation with momentum-entangled massive particles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7207721879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.02009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.02009","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.02009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.02009","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114483028","display_name":"Y. S. Athreya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0606-5222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0606-5222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athreya, Y. S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017703061","display_name":"S. Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-8707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-8707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kannan, S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130827573","display_name":"X. T. Yan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan, X. T.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078510078","display_name":"Karen V. Kheruntsyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5813-3621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5813-3621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kheruntsyan, K. V.","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Physics , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Physics , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056088427","display_name":"Andrew G. Truscott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-8613","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-8613"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truscott, A. G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015925616","display_name":"S. S. Hodgman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hodgman, S. S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bell-inequality-violation","display_name":"Bell inequality violation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/momentum-entanglement","display_name":"momentum entanglement","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massive-particles","display_name":"massive particles","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-nonlocality","display_name":"quantum nonlocality","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matter-wave-interferometry","display_name":"matter-wave interferometry","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metastable-helium","display_name":"metastable helium","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-gravity","display_name":"quantum gravity","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-realism","display_name":"local realism","score":0.8320000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138622882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269079","display_name":"Quantum nonlocality","level":4,"score":0.8640999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128108043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388525","display_name":"Bell's theorem","level":4,"score":0.6722999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36494176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17098572","display_name":"Local hidden variable theory","level":5,"score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.6227999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134265032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011347","display_name":"CHSH inequality","level":5,"score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11511207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054240","display_name":"Bell test experiments","level":5,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118704821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2898260","display_name":"Bell state","level":4,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137002209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898521","display_name":"Hidden variable theory","level":3,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193588502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528955","display_name":"Kochen\u2013Specker theorem","level":3,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91717678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135332","display_name":"Quantum teleportation","level":5,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198377831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269027","display_name":"Quantum correlation","level":5,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190474826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495111","display_name":"Open quantum system","level":3,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139356082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269038","display_name":"Quantum discord","level":4,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68717125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735602","display_name":"Quantum optics","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18399536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629202","display_name":"Principle of locality","level":5,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191398983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899444","display_name":"De Broglie\u2013Bohm theory","level":3,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11255438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269085","display_name":"Quantum process","level":4,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169402740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2590381","display_name":"Measurement problem","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.02009","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.02009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.02009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.02009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.02009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.02009","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.02009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1977716208","display_name":"Many body correlations in a Bose Fermi gas","funder_award_id":"DP190103021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G290035981","display_name":"Quantum non-locality with mass-entangled metastable helium atoms atoms","funder_award_id":"DP240101346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5803457519","display_name":"Shedding Light on the Proton Radius Puzzle with Ultracold Helium","funder_award_id":"DP240101441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8762547418","display_name":"Hydrodynamics of quantum fluids","funder_award_id":"DP240101033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7207721879.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7207721879.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593645531","https://openalex.org/W7170199768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407759362","https://openalex.org/W6948100910","https://openalex.org/W1986718451","https://openalex.org/W2301503423","https://openalex.org/W4417244253","https://openalex.org/W2048586260","https://openalex.org/W2312975895","https://openalex.org/W2552151697","https://openalex.org/W1985335136","https://openalex.org/W2230812782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bell's":[0],"theorem":[1],"revealed":[2],"the":[3,7,40,46,77,102,124],"fundamental":[4],"incompatibility":[5],"between":[6,126],"predictions":[8],"of":[9,28,49,55,70,105,107],"quantum":[10,21,90,99,116,127],"mechanics":[11,128],"and":[12,25,121,129],"local":[13],"realism.":[14],"Bell":[15,42,68,95],"inequality":[16,43,79],"violations":[17],"have":[18],"since":[19],"demonstrated":[20],"nonlocality":[22,117],"using":[23,33],"photons":[24],"internal":[26,98],"states":[27,48],"massive":[29,50,108],"particles,":[30,109],"but":[31],"never":[32],"their":[34],"motional":[35,47],"states.":[36],"Here":[37],"we":[38,63],"report":[39],"first":[41],"violation":[44],"in":[45,89,118],"particles.":[51],"Using":[52],"momentum-entangled":[53],"pairs":[54],"metastable":[56],"helium":[57],"atoms":[58],"manipulated":[59],"by":[60,93],"matter-wave":[61],"interferometry,":[62],"measure":[64],"a":[65,86,111],"Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt":[66],"(CHSH)":[67],"parameter":[69],"$S":[71],"=":[72],"2.52":[73],"\\pm":[74],"0.17$,":[75],"violating":[76],"CHSH-Bell":[78],"($S":[80],"\\le":[81],"2$).":[82],"Our":[83],"work":[84],"completes":[85],"long-standing":[87],"objective":[88],"atom":[91],"optics":[92],"extending":[94],"tests":[96],"from":[97],"variables":[100],"to":[101],"external":[103],"degrees":[104],"freedom":[106],"opening":[110],"new":[112],"regime":[113],"for":[114,122],"exploring":[115],"matter":[119],"waves":[120],"investigating":[123],"interplay":[125],"gravity.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-04T00:00:00"}