{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7207572259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","title":"From Sealed to Anchored: What a Consortium Ledger Adds to HMAC-Sealed IoT Audit Logs in Ambient Assisted Living","display_name":"From Sealed to Anchored: What a Consortium Ledger Adds to HMAC-Sealed IoT Audit Logs in Ambient Assisted Living","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7207572259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16178782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143651741","display_name":"Kunal Gawande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3526-9111","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3526-9111"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunal Gawande","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRH University Heidelberg, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3526-9111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRH University Heidelberg, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048631742","display_name":"Vladimir Stantchev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-419X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-419X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Stantchev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Systems, SRH University Heidelberg, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-419X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Systems, SRH University Heidelberg, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048631742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":3.5612,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89815732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"8782","last_page":"8782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hmac","display_name":"HMAC","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consortium-blockchain","display_name":"consortium blockchain","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-assisted-living","display_name":"ambient assisted living","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"data integrity","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-repudiation","display_name":"non-repudiation","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tamper-detection","display_name":"tamper detection","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-gateway","display_name":"edge gateway","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6022999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778971194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664551","display_name":"Insider","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80958533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047174","display_name":"Audit trail","level":3,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97399411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825367","display_name":"Coin flipping","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109751979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q998767","display_name":"Failover","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16178782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f33da8dad675403897949abac1f8672d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f33da8dad675403897949abac1f8672d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 8782 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16178782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W1656678770","https://openalex.org/W1987593503","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2037107113","https://openalex.org/W2520906649","https://openalex.org/W2611626082","https://openalex.org/W2763836263","https://openalex.org/W2805383889","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2904351506","https://openalex.org/W4233819588","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4360981303","https://openalex.org/W7167583001","https://openalex.org/W7202288071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7202288071","https://openalex.org/W7168085857","https://openalex.org/W7165558300","https://openalex.org/W7216363813","https://openalex.org/W7160123343","https://openalex.org/W4327500276","https://openalex.org/W7171726622","https://openalex.org/W3176451370","https://openalex.org/W7133307168","https://openalex.org/W7169780897"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"symmetric":[1,290],"integrity":[2,62],"seal":[3,117],"is":[4,10,160,164,200,267,277,295,307],"worth":[5],"exactly":[6],"what":[7,88],"its":[8],"key":[9,18],"worth.":[11],"Any":[12],"party":[13],"holding":[14],"the":[15,53,56,68,76,99,142,145,153,162,190,197,228,235,245,250,255,265,274,278,289,302,316,322],"keyed-hash":[16],"(HMAC)":[17],"of":[19,22,55,75,192,196,273],"an":[20,41,47,280],"Internet":[21],"Things":[23],"(IoT)":[24],"audit":[25],"trail":[26],"can":[27,92],"forge":[28],"a":[29,32,89,105,135,168,193,312],"record,":[30],"re-seal":[31,287],"modified":[33],"one,":[34],"and":[35,66,83,93,125,144,172,181,188,195,232,262],"leave":[36],"no":[37],"cryptographic":[38,90],"trace,":[39],"so":[40],"HMAC-sealed":[42],"log":[43,253],"establishes":[44],"nothing":[45],"to":[46,208,222],"external":[48],"auditor":[49,143],"or":[50],"regulator":[51],"beyond":[52],"honesty":[54],"operator":[57],"itself.":[58],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"separates":[61],"from":[63,244,249],"evidential":[64],"strength":[65],"decomposes":[67],"latter":[69],"into":[70],"six":[71],"properties\u2014integrity,":[72],"authenticity,":[73],"non-repudiation":[74],"anchored":[77],"history,":[78],"third-party":[79],"verifiability,":[80],"temporal":[81],"upper-bounding,":[82],"bounded":[84],"completeness\u2014stating":[85],"for":[86,108,122],"each":[87,118],"mechanism":[91],"cannot":[94,283],"establish.":[95],"It":[96],"then":[97],"presents":[98],"Ledger-Anchored":[100],"Compliance":[101],"Transformation":[102],"Layer":[103],"(LA-CTL),":[104],"two-tier":[106],"architecture":[107],"Ambient":[109],"Assisted":[110],"Living":[111],"(AAL)":[112],"in":[113,167,297],"which":[114,276],"edge":[115],"gateways":[116],"record":[119,212],"with":[120,141,309],"HMAC-SHA256":[121],"operator-side":[123],"verification":[124],"anchor":[126,303],"RFC":[127],"6962":[128],"Merkle":[129,229],"roots":[130],"over":[131,177],"sealed":[132],"batches":[133],"on":[134,257,269],"Byzantine":[136],"fault-tolerant":[137],"permissioned":[138],"ledger":[139],"shared":[140],"regulator.":[146],"Records":[147],"remain":[148],"off-chain,":[149],"preserving":[150],"erasability":[151],"under":[152,179,189],"General":[154],"Data":[155],"Protection":[156],"Regulation.":[157],"All":[158],"cryptography":[159],"real;":[161],"consortium":[163,256],"evaluated":[165],"both":[166],"seeded":[169],"network":[170],"simulation":[171],"as":[173],"four":[174],"validator":[175],"processes":[176],"sockets":[178],"LAN":[180],"emulated":[182],"WAN":[183],"conditions,":[184],"at":[185,213,223],"steady":[186],"load":[187],"failure":[191],"backup":[194],"primary.":[198],"Anchoring":[199],"batch-priced":[201],"rather":[202,247],"than":[203,248],"record-priced:":[204],"on-chain":[205],"state":[206],"falls":[207],"0.57":[209],"bytes":[210,318],"per":[211],"batch":[214],"size":[215],"1024,":[216],"while":[217],"inclusion":[218],"proofs":[219],"grow":[220],"logarithmically":[221],"most":[224,240],"330":[225],"bytes.":[226],"Holding":[227],"batching":[230,246],"constant":[231],"varying":[233],"only":[234],"publication":[236],"substrate":[237],"shows":[238],"that":[239,264,288],"detection":[241],"capability":[242],"comes":[243],"ledger\u2014a":[251],"single-notary":[252],"matches":[254],"tampering,":[258],"insider":[259,286],"re-sealing,":[260],"deletion":[261],"reordering\u2014and":[263],"quorum":[266],"distinguished":[268],"one":[270],"attack:":[271],"compromise":[272],"publisher,":[275],"attack":[279],"operator-selected":[281],"notary":[282],"withstand.":[284],"The":[285],"baseline":[291],"accepts":[292],"by":[293],"construction":[294],"detected":[296],"all":[298],"10,000":[299],"trials.":[300],"What":[301],"does":[304],"not":[305,320],"give":[306],"stated":[308],"equal":[310],"care:":[311],"commit":[313],"bounds":[314],"when":[315,321],"committed":[317],"existed,":[319],"event":[323],"they":[324],"describe":[325],"occurred.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-04T00:00:00"}
