{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7207539698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","title":"Divided beyond politics: How perceptions of non-political differentness are linked to affective polarization among citizens","display_name":"Divided beyond politics: How perceptions of non-political differentness are linked to affective polarization among citizens","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7207539698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379426001034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124584455","display_name":"Electoral Studies","issn_l":"0261-3794","issn":["0261-3794","1873-6890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electoral Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379426001034/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089149487","display_name":"Ine Goovaerts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-4442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-4442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ine Goovaerts","raw_affiliation_strings":["University: University of Antwerp (Belgium), Political Science Department, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-4442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University: University of Antwerp (Belgium), Political Science Department, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003581402","display_name":"Artemis Tsoulou-Malakoudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8447-4872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8447-4872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artemis Tsoulou-Malakoudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University: University of Antwerp (Belgium), Political Science Department, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8447-4872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University: University of Antwerp (Belgium), Political Science Department, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080035218","display_name":"Gaetano Scaduto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-2077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-2077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","display_name":"Tilburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b8v1s79","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaetano Scaduto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University: Tilburg University (the Netherlands), Department of Sociology, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, 5037 AB, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-2077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University: Tilburg University (the Netherlands), Department of Sociology, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, 5037 AB, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fernando Feitosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3053-1326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3053-1326"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Feitosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University: Griffith University (Australia), School of Government and International Relations, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3053-1326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University: Griffith University (Australia), School of Government and International Relations, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049864658","display_name":"Jonas Lefevere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-3570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-3570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Lefevere","raw_affiliation_strings":["University: University of Antwerp (Belgium), Political Science Department, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-3570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University: University of Antwerp (Belgium), Political Science Department, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089149487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":{"value":2840,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2840},"apc_paid":{"value":2840,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2840},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":null,"first_page":"103145","last_page":"103145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-polarization","display_name":"affective polarization","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"social distance","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partisanship","display_name":"partisanship","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-differences","display_name":"personality differences","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-inequality","display_name":"socioeconomic disparities","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifestyle-differences","display_name":"lifestyle differences","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-party-system","display_name":"multiparty system","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flanders","display_name":"Flanders","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wallonia","display_name":"Wallonia","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belgium","display_name":"Belgium","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7541999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7401999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6772000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779636406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1596387","display_name":"Political psychology","level":3,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917865","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","level":3,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146804397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118918","display_name":"General Social Survey","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379426001034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124584455","display_name":"Electoral Studies","issn_l":"0261-3794","issn":["0261-3794","1873-6890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electoral Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tilburguniversity.edu:openaire/3e8c9892-7890-4521-bae1-98074c07f003","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/3e8c9892-7890-4521-bae1-98074c07f003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923027","display_name":"Tilburg University Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Goovaerts, I, Tsoulou-Malakoudi, A, Scaduto, G, Feitosa, F & Lefevre, J 2026, 'Divided beyond politics : How perceptions of non-political differentness are linked to affective polarization among citizens', Electoral Studies, vol. 104, 103145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2026.103145","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379426001034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124584455","display_name":"Electoral Studies","issn_l":"0261-3794","issn":["0261-3794","1873-6890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electoral Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2199504356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"40007494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","funder_display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2286757340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG3139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","funder_display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7080258105","display_name":"They are not like us. The perception of differentness, polarization amongst citizens and dissatisfaction with representatives","funder_award_id":"G0H0322N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7462346578","display_name":"They are not like us. The perception of differentness, polarization amongst citizens and dissatisfaction with representatives (NOTLIKEUS).","funder_award_id":"40007494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320981","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","ror":"https://ror.org/03q83t159"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324595","display_name":"Universiteit Antwerpen","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7207539698.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7207539698.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W658242140","https://openalex.org/W1980197533","https://openalex.org/W2037704402","https://openalex.org/W2041843750","https://openalex.org/W2048806902","https://openalex.org/W2057659248","https://openalex.org/W2100726744","https://openalex.org/W2114991554","https://openalex.org/W2124751389","https://openalex.org/W2130354913","https://openalex.org/W2144993753","https://openalex.org/W2149893809","https://openalex.org/W2152021527","https://openalex.org/W2158924431","https://openalex.org/W2163031893","https://openalex.org/W2230959951","https://openalex.org/W2302938491","https://openalex.org/W2531904781","https://openalex.org/W2742271949","https://openalex.org/W2789399430","https://openalex.org/W2790895131","https://openalex.org/W2792378751","https://openalex.org/W2792681849","https://openalex.org/W2794911434","https://openalex.org/W2799430063","https://openalex.org/W2889221429","https://openalex.org/W2904152473","https://openalex.org/W2909872848","https://openalex.org/W2921597698","https://openalex.org/W2943978859","https://openalex.org/W2963244373","https://openalex.org/W3006156701","https://openalex.org/W3033986341","https://openalex.org/W3037778939","https://openalex.org/W3049318161","https://openalex.org/W3086343556","https://openalex.org/W3095417376","https://openalex.org/W3101774131","https://openalex.org/W3123568424","https://openalex.org/W3135663751","https://openalex.org/W3153185818","https://openalex.org/W3155880636","https://openalex.org/W3168778652","https://openalex.org/W3175613700","https://openalex.org/W3200018810","https://openalex.org/W3205308555","https://openalex.org/W4225162678","https://openalex.org/W4251062424","https://openalex.org/W4286560003","https://openalex.org/W4292103612","https://openalex.org/W4292230881","https://openalex.org/W4296292997","https://openalex.org/W4298000942","https://openalex.org/W4303833990","https://openalex.org/W4308650853","https://openalex.org/W4377986955","https://openalex.org/W4385422326","https://openalex.org/W4385911858","https://openalex.org/W4388845569","https://openalex.org/W4389787718","https://openalex.org/W4391646421","https://openalex.org/W4393345599","https://openalex.org/W4399433390","https://openalex.org/W4400953147","https://openalex.org/W4403615768","https://openalex.org/W4404693312","https://openalex.org/W4410412249","https://openalex.org/W4415234659","https://openalex.org/W4415770166"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221120019","https://openalex.org/W4225162678","https://openalex.org/W3153185818","https://openalex.org/W6997082232","https://openalex.org/W3166378699","https://openalex.org/W7054378456","https://openalex.org/W4286560003","https://openalex.org/W7011312437","https://openalex.org/W6991670498","https://openalex.org/W4308650853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"affective":[1,78,159],"polarization":[2,160],"is":[3,31],"commonly":[4],"attributed":[5],"to":[6,17,115],"political":[7,41,124],"differences":[8,23],"between":[9,70],"partisans,":[10],"recent":[11],"studies":[12],"suggest":[13],"it":[14],"also":[15],"relates":[16],"perceived":[18,71],"non-political":[19,38,47,72,111,129,167],"differences,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"in":[24,169],"lifestyle,":[25],"class,":[26],"or":[27],"personality.":[28],"However,":[29],"little":[30],"known":[32],"about":[33],"the":[34,57,68,145,163],"relevance":[35],"of":[36,46,77,110,123,166,172],"these":[37,53,64,154],"perceptions":[39,109,122,168],"beyond":[40,56,121],"ones,":[42],"whether":[43],"different":[44],"types":[45],"traits":[48],"matter":[49,132],"equally,":[50],"and":[51,74,81,93,118,138,148],"how":[52],"dynamics":[54],"unfold":[55],"U.S.":[58],"two-party":[59],"context.":[60,86],"This":[61],"study":[62],"addresses":[63],"gaps":[65],"by":[66,161],"examining":[67],"relationship":[69],"differentness":[73,112],"two":[75,99,146],"dimensions":[76,130],"polarization\u2014partisan":[79],"dislike":[80,117],"social":[82,119],"distance\u2014in":[83],"Belgium's":[84,98],"multi-party":[85],"Using":[87],"original":[88],"survey":[89],"data":[90],"from":[91],"Flanders":[92],"Wallonia":[94],"(N":[95],"=":[96],"4823),":[97],"largest":[100],"regions":[101],"with":[102,141],"distinct":[103],"party":[104],"systems,":[105],"we":[106],"show":[107],"that":[108],"substantially":[113],"relate":[114],"partisan":[116,151,173],"distancing,":[120],"differentness.":[125],"Moreover,":[126],"nearly":[127],"all":[128],"studied":[131],"(i.e.,":[133],"personality,":[134],"values,":[135],"socio-economic":[136],"background,":[137],"lifestyle),":[139],"albeit":[140],"varying":[142],"importance":[143],"across":[144],"contexts":[147],"especially":[149],"for":[150],"dislike.":[152],"Altogether,":[153],"findings":[155],"extend":[156],"research":[157],"on":[158],"highlighting":[162],"overlooked":[164],"role":[165],"our":[170],"understanding":[171],"animosity.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-04T00:00:00"}