{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7207533352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","title":"Understanding Unexpected Ozone\u2013Health Associations: Are Secondary Oxidative Pollutants Key?","display_name":"Understanding Unexpected Ozone\u2013Health Associations: Are Secondary Oxidative Pollutants Key?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7207533352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42915433","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13585061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125600811","display_name":"Jiaqi Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan School of Public Health , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan School of Public Health , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002629392","display_name":"Jeffrey Robert Brook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-2190","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-2190"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey R. Brook","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029049752","display_name":"Thomas J. Luben","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-5126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-5126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Luben","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan School of Public Health , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan School of Public Health , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021802770","display_name":"Timothy V. Larson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2208-982X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2208-982X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy V. Larson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington School of Public Health , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington School of Public Health , , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049790768","display_name":"Sara Dubowsky Adar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-485X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-485X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara D. Adar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan School of Public Health , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-485X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan School of Public Health , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049790768","https://openalex.org/A5125600811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"fwci":2.6576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9153671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"36","first_page":"25141","last_page":"25148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ozone","display_name":"ozone","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-chemistry","display_name":"atmospheric chemistry","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-air-pollution","display_name":"urban air pollution","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitric-oxide","display_name":"nitric oxide","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-measurement","display_name":"air quality measurement","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-effects-of-ozone","display_name":"health effects of ozone","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6794999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201052633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381223","display_name":"Environmental epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508106653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933","display_name":"Ozone","level":2,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987853052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollutants","level":3,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984618805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2284929","display_name":"Health risk","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2574087","display_name":"Health effect","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018154319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Health problems","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000393","descriptor_name":"Air Pollutants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010084","descriptor_name":"Oxidation-Reduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010126","descriptor_name":"Ozone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42915433","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42915433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental science & technology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13585061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13585061/pdf/es5c17322.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environ Sci Technol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c17322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000912178","display_name":"Gateway Exposome Coordinating Center (GECC) For AD/ADRD Research","funder_award_id":"U24AG088894","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164076289","https://openalex.org/W1501787801","https://openalex.org/W1980737459","https://openalex.org/W1983803283","https://openalex.org/W2002597881","https://openalex.org/W2023037439","https://openalex.org/W2044724516","https://openalex.org/W2047354023","https://openalex.org/W2075208658","https://openalex.org/W2084578953","https://openalex.org/W2116507044","https://openalex.org/W2127465067","https://openalex.org/W2154884175","https://openalex.org/W2158822760","https://openalex.org/W2168658532","https://openalex.org/W2174967333","https://openalex.org/W2179882284","https://openalex.org/W2181531051","https://openalex.org/W2209260785","https://openalex.org/W2259947116","https://openalex.org/W2325021767","https://openalex.org/W2347141942","https://openalex.org/W2517708645","https://openalex.org/W2600199244","https://openalex.org/W2617743023","https://openalex.org/W2768319326","https://openalex.org/W2774807069","https://openalex.org/W2779159526","https://openalex.org/W2786598598","https://openalex.org/W2898525466","https://openalex.org/W2947981091","https://openalex.org/W2948320173","https://openalex.org/W2981938452","https://openalex.org/W3007871570","https://openalex.org/W3115900041","https://openalex.org/W3134955167","https://openalex.org/W3197926939","https://openalex.org/W4200434044","https://openalex.org/W4205887866","https://openalex.org/W4285267900","https://openalex.org/W4297255223","https://openalex.org/W4310828485","https://openalex.org/W4362522546","https://openalex.org/W4366779648","https://openalex.org/W4385798528","https://openalex.org/W4399848847","https://openalex.org/W4402889790","https://openalex.org/W4412403629","https://openalex.org/W4412480822","https://openalex.org/W4415219553","https://openalex.org/W7125244479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164762446","https://openalex.org/W1997292892","https://openalex.org/W4311423120","https://openalex.org/W4232345268","https://openalex.org/W4404007039","https://openalex.org/W2033069436","https://openalex.org/W7099454501","https://openalex.org/W2021696887","https://openalex.org/W166104960","https://openalex.org/W1977461723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,38,88,142,168],"well-established":[2],"mechanisms":[3],"of":[4,32,40,77,87,170],"how":[5],"ozone":[6],"(O3)":[7],"results":[8],"in":[9,94,176],"adverse":[10],"health,":[11],"it":[12,127],"is":[13],"not":[14],"uncommon":[15],"for":[16,63,66,160,167],"population-based":[17],"epidemiology":[18,177],"studies":[19],"to":[20,131],"find":[21,132],"evidence":[22,144],"that":[23,71,92,153],"lower":[24],"O3":[25,41,78,100,109,173],"levels":[26,76],"are":[27],"associated":[28],"with":[29,103,135],"higher":[30,75],"risks":[31],"disease.":[33],"Common":[34],"explanations,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"scavenging":[39],"by":[42],"nitric":[43],"oxide":[44],"near":[45],"traffic":[46],"and":[47,79,96,164,174],"differential":[48],"measurement":[49,163],"error,":[50],"cannot":[51],"fully":[52],"explain":[53],"these":[54,118],"unexpected":[55],"associations.":[56],"Therefore,":[57],"we":[58,69,140,151],"propose":[59],"an":[60],"alternate":[61],"explanation":[62],"counter-to-hypothesized":[64],"associations":[65,73,134,171],"O3.":[67,136],"Specifically,":[68],"hypothesize":[70],"observed":[72],"between":[74,172],"better":[80],"health":[81,175],"outcomes":[82],"could":[83,101],"be":[84,129],"a":[85],"consequence":[86],"complex":[89],"atmospheric":[90],"chemistry":[91],"occurs":[93],"urban":[95],"near-urban":[97],"areas.":[98],"Low":[99],"coincide":[102],"active":[104],"oxidative":[105],"processes,":[106],"either":[107],"through":[108],"consumption":[110],"or":[111],"parallel":[112],"pathways":[113],"involving":[114],"other":[115],"oxidants.":[116],"Since":[117],"processes":[119],"can":[120],"generate":[121],"toxic":[122],"but":[123],"unmeasured":[124],"secondary":[125],"products,":[126],"would":[128],"unsurprising":[130],"inverse":[133],"In":[137,148],"this":[138,146,154],"perspective,":[139],"highlight":[141],"key":[143],"supporting":[145],"hypothesis.":[147],"doing":[149],"so,":[150],"hope":[152],"perspective":[155],"may":[156],"inform":[157],"future":[158],"plans":[159],"air":[161],"quality":[162],"provide":[165],"context":[166],"interpretation":[169],"studies.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-04T00:00:00"}
