{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7206747609","doi":null,"title":"MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DIRECTED ENERGY DEPOSITION OF H13 TOOL STEEL AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED H13-COPPER","display_name":"MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DIRECTED ENERGY DEPOSITION OF H13 TOOL STEEL AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED H13-COPPER","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7206747609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dal.scholaris.ca:10222/81919","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10222/81919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064432","display_name":"DalSpace (Dalhousie University)","issn_l":"2041-2096","issn":["2041-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-a","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","host_organization_name":"Dalhousie University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083209243","display_name":"Owen Craig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-3639","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-3639"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craig, Owen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083209243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12427","display_name":"Metal Alloys Wear and Properties","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-directed-energy-deposition","display_name":"laser directed energy deposition","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/h13-steel","display_name":"H13 steel","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tempering-temperature","display_name":"tempering temperature","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"surface roughness","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/draft-angle","display_name":"draft angle","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-solidification","display_name":"rapid solidification","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tempered-martensite","display_name":"tempered martensite","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retained-austenite","display_name":"retained austenite","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alloy-carbides","display_name":"alloy carbides","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vickers-hardness","display_name":"Vickers hardness","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch-hardness","display_name":"scratch hardness","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"porosity","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-cracking","display_name":"hot cracking","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miscibility-gap","display_name":"miscibility gap","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-deposition","display_name":"multilayer deposition","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8647000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207948433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685487","display_name":"Tempering","level":2,"score":0.8046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.7882999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776001022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537460","display_name":"Tool steel","level":2,"score":0.7444999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488950","display_name":"Martensite","level":3,"score":0.6966000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.579800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5335593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241906","display_name":"Carbide","level":2,"score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756","display_name":"Alloy","level":2,"score":0.5110999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42698342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3236003","display_name":"Hardness","level":2,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133392424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223404","display_name":"Vickers hardness test","level":3,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165720898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150000","display_name":"Indentation hardness","level":3,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777771575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070521","display_name":"Alloy steel","level":3,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776111599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127242","display_name":"High-speed steel","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780430920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3092965","display_name":"Lath","level":4,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781422231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423265","display_name":"Tungsten carbide","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159551322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458918","display_name":"Heat treating","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8953137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300719","display_name":"Titanium alloy","level":3,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7794659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726605","display_name":"Powder metallurgy","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77017923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912313","display_name":"Optical microscope","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dal.scholaris.ca:10222/81919","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10222/81919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064432","display_name":"DalSpace (Dalhousie University)","issn_l":"2041-2096","issn":["2041-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-a","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","host_organization_name":"Dalhousie University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386345600","https://openalex.org/W4285908271","https://openalex.org/W7172426148","https://openalex.org/W4403732377","https://openalex.org/W4407947470","https://openalex.org/W4225370054","https://openalex.org/W3182051497","https://openalex.org/W2236999465","https://openalex.org/W3105900031","https://openalex.org/W2735792348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,115,132,150,165,184,305,314],"aim":[1],"of":[2,42,119,134,188,204,217,273,302,317,337],"this":[3],"study":[4],"is":[5,334],"to":[6,58,82,92,124,138,144,222,230,344],"determine":[7],"the":[8,30,38,60,63,75,94,120,128,146,181,196,214,218,223,231,235,244,252,260,265,338,345],"laser":[9,361],"directed":[10],"energy":[11,108],"deposition":[12],"(DED)":[13],"parameters":[14],"for":[15],"an":[16],"H13-Cu":[17,276],"functionally":[18],"graded":[19],"material":[20,152],"(FGM).":[21],"Monolithic":[22],"steel":[23],"tools":[24],"have":[25],"poor":[26],"thermal":[27,40],"conductivity,":[28],"reducing":[29,251],"cycle":[31],"times.":[32],"This":[33],"could":[34],"be":[35,125],"improved":[36],"with":[37,50,161,174,247,263,329,349],"high":[39],"conductivity":[41],"Cu":[43],"in":[44,180,200,213,243,259,295,364],"a":[45,135,139,157,170,201,227,248,286,326],"FGM":[46,307],"structure.":[47],"Research":[48],"began":[49],"wrought":[51,281],"H13":[52,69,282,331],"heat-treated":[53],"at":[54],"varying":[55,74],"tempering":[56],"temperatures":[57],"examine":[59,83],"influence":[61],"on":[62,280],"microstructure":[64,160,203,315],"and":[65,78,85,101,112,177,192,207,237,291,298,312,325,340],"mechanical":[66],"properties.":[67],"DED":[68],"samples":[70,121,168,198,220,308],"were":[71,90,278],"produced":[72],"by":[73],"scanning":[76,102,266,351],"speed":[77],"powder":[79,268],"feed":[80,269],"rates":[81],"geometrical":[84],"microstructural":[86],"influences.":[87],"Several":[88],"techniques":[89],"employed":[91],"characterize":[93],"materials":[95,233],"which":[96],"included":[97],"surface":[98,117,130,141,148],"roughness,":[99],"optical":[100],"electron":[103],"microscopy,":[104],"hardness,":[105],"X-ray":[106,110],"diffraction,":[107],"dispersive":[109],"spectroscopy,":[111],"scratch":[113,253,261],"hardness.":[114],"top":[116,185],"roughness":[118],"was":[122,142,211,241,257,357],"found":[123],"greater":[126],"than":[127],"side":[129,147],"roughness.":[131,149],"addition":[133],"draft":[136],"angle":[137],"vertical":[140,299],"shown":[143],"reduce":[145],"deposited":[151],"undergoes":[153],"rapid":[154],"solidification,":[155],"producing":[156],"highly":[158],"refined":[159],"near-theoretical":[162],"density":[163],"(99.7%).":[164],"as-printed":[166,245],"multi-layer":[167,197],"show":[169],"cellular":[171],"dendritic":[172],"structure":[173],"tempered":[175,205,318],"martensite":[176,191,206],"alloy":[178,208,321],"carbides":[179],"lower":[182],"layers.":[183,274],"layers":[186],"consist":[187],"fine":[189],"lath":[190],"retained":[193,323],"austenite.":[194],"Tempering":[195],"results":[199],"homogenized":[202],"carbides.":[209],"There":[210,333],"variation":[212],"Vickers":[215],"hardness":[216,236,240],"asprocessed":[219],"due":[221,343],"cyclic":[224],"heating.":[225],"Applying":[226],"heat":[228,249],"treatment":[229,250],"DEDprocessed":[232],"reduced":[234],"variation.":[238],"Scratch":[239],"highest":[242],"condition":[246],"resistance.":[254],"No":[255],"trend":[256],"observed":[258],"response":[262],"changing":[264],"speed,":[267],"rate,":[270],"or":[271],"number":[272],"Varying":[275],"blends":[277],"printed":[279],"as":[283,285],"well":[284],"multi-layered":[287,306],"FGM.":[288],"Single":[289],"layer":[290],"3-layer":[292],"tracks":[293],"resulted":[294],"detrimental":[296],"porosity":[297],"cracking":[300,311],"characteristic":[301],"solidification":[303],"cracking.":[304],"showed":[309],"transverse":[310],"porosity.":[313],"consisted":[316],"martensite,":[319,320],"carbides,":[322],"austenite,":[324],"Cu-rich":[327,341],"matrix":[328],"scattered":[330],"particles.":[332],"clear":[335],"separation":[336],"H13-":[339],"liquids":[342],"miscibility":[346],"gap,":[347],"aided":[348],"differential":[350],"calorimetry":[352],"analysis.":[353],"Printing":[354],"onto":[355],"C110":[356],"unsuccessful":[358],"using":[359],"varied":[360],"powers":[362],"resulting":[363],"inconsistent":[365],"beads.":[366]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-09-03T00:00:00"}
