{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7206215943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","title":"Dimensions of division: structuring ideological polarization during Poland\u2019s democratic backsliding","display_name":"Dimensions of division: structuring ideological polarization during Poland\u2019s democratic backsliding","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7206215943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33190353","display_name":"Comparative European Politics","issn_l":"1472-4790","issn":["1472-4790","1740-388X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative European Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008188662","display_name":"Marta Ko\u0142czy\u0144ska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-0437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-0437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159056","display_name":"Institute of Political Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkv2291","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159056","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marta Ko\u0142czy\u0144ska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-0437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159056","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058983113","display_name":"Maciej Sychowiec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0831-7040","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0831-7040"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36685595","display_name":"Uniwersytet SWPS","ror":"https://ror.org/0407f1r36","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36685595"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Sychowiec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Social Sciences, SWPS University, Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0831-7040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Social Sciences, SWPS University, Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36685595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116853163","display_name":"Oliwia Szczupska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7702-0543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7702-0543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36685595","display_name":"Uniwersytet SWPS","ror":"https://ror.org/0407f1r36","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36685595"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliwia Szczupska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Social Sciences, SWPS University, Warszawa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7702-0543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Social Sciences, SWPS University, Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36685595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008188662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159056","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6135829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-backsliding","display_name":"democratic backsliding","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideological-polarization","display_name":"ideological polarization","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-polarization","display_name":"mass polarization","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-cultural-issues","display_name":"socio-cultural issues","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-problems","display_name":"economic problems","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-party-preference","display_name":"party preference","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poland","display_name":"Poland","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3416483","display_name":"Radicalization","level":3,"score":0.8611000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.8295000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.7603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.722599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-026-00496-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33190353","display_name":"Comparative European Politics","issn_l":"1472-4790","issn":["1472-4790","1740-388X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative European Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:d7f5b560-c056-4f9d-92d4-2a6ab61415ea","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/xhm3q","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401238","display_name":"SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xhm3q_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322650","display_name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312697663","https://openalex.org/W3204785453","https://openalex.org/W4417476355","https://openalex.org/W7133948982","https://openalex.org/W4403202550","https://openalex.org/W4413380317","https://openalex.org/W4417475957","https://openalex.org/W32333956","https://openalex.org/W4409935109","https://openalex.org/W2906372456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"on":[1,61,110,116,164],"democratic":[2,13,31,149],"backsliding":[3,32],"increasingly":[4],"views":[5],"mass":[6,143,179],"polarization":[7,21,144,159],"as":[8,145],"a":[9,28],"mechanism":[10],"that":[11,139,162],"facilitates":[12],"erosion.":[14],"This":[15,133],"study":[16],"examines":[17],"trajectories":[18],"of":[19,55,58,68,92,158,178],"ideological":[20,169],"in":[22,142,175],"Poland":[23],"between":[24],"1997":[25],"and":[26,74,105,130,160],"2023,":[27],"period":[29],"encompassing":[30],"whose":[33],"onset":[34],"is":[35,135],"typically":[36],"dated":[37],"to":[38,79],"2015.":[39],"Using":[40],"repeated":[41],"issue-based":[42],"questions":[43],"from":[44],"the":[45,97,127,155,176],"Polish":[46],"National":[47],"Election":[48],"Study":[49],"(POLNES),":[50],"we":[51],"distinguish":[52],"three":[53],"aspects":[54],"polarization:":[56],"radicalization":[57,95],"individuals\u2019":[59],"positions":[60,70,82],"single":[62,165],"issues,":[63,112],"issue":[64,69,75,81,103,106],"alignment":[65,104],"(system-level":[66],"correlation":[67],"across":[71],"different":[72],"domains),":[73],"partisanship":[76,107],"(the":[77],"extent":[78],"which":[80],"are":[83,121],"explained":[84],"by":[85],"party":[86],"preferences).":[87],"We":[88],"find":[89],"no":[90],"evidence":[91],"increased":[93],"single-issue":[94],"over":[96],"studied":[98],"period.":[99],"By":[100],"contrast,":[101],"both":[102],"increased,":[108],"particularly":[109],"socio-cultural":[111],"with":[113,137],"little":[114],"change":[115],"economic":[117],"issues.":[118],"These":[119],"trends":[120],"not":[122],"linear:":[123],"they":[124],"emerge":[125],"around":[126],"2011":[128],"election":[129],"persist":[131],"thereafter.":[132],"pattern":[134],"consistent":[136],"theories":[138],"view":[140],"changes":[141,174],"facilitating":[146],"conditions":[147],"for":[148],"backsliding.":[150],"Additionally,":[151],"our":[152],"findings":[153],"highlight":[154],"heterogeneous":[156],"nature":[157],"show":[161],"focusing":[163],"issues":[166],"or":[167],"unidimensional":[168],"scales":[170],"can":[171],"obscure":[172],"important":[173],"structure":[177],"belief":[180],"systems.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-09-03T00:00:00"}