{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7206200869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","title":"Typeset Replacement of Handwritten Text and Mathematics on Lecture Slides Using Vision-Language Models","display_name":"Typeset Replacement of Handwritten Text and Mathematics on Lecture Slides Using Vision-Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7206200869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3729718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7206200869"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093437512","display_name":"N. Ragavenderan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7370-6173","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7370-6173"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4389425378","display_name":"R.V. College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/041re0e60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4389425378"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Ragavenderan","raw_affiliation_strings":["R. V. College of Engineering"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7370-6173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. V. College of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4389425378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046967612","display_name":"Judith Jakob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6941-0725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6941-0725"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159743108","display_name":"Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/03dv91853","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159743108"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Jakob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fachhochschule Dortmund"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6941-0725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachhochschule Dortmund","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159743108"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021515075","display_name":"S Manonmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-5862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-5862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4389425378","display_name":"R.V. College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/041re0e60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4389425378"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Manonmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["R. V. College of Engineering"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-5862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. V. College of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4389425378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"137639","last_page":"137655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"handwriting recognition","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lecture-slides","display_name":"lecture slides","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-language-models","display_name":"vision-language models","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typesetting","display_name":"typesetting","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-handwriting","display_name":"German handwriting","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-learning","display_name":"meta-learning","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-domain-transfer","display_name":"out-of-domain transfer","score":0.5389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6978999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5175999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986849125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer aided instruction","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988504005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379942","display_name":"Document image processing","level":4,"score":0.2313999980688095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2223999947309494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.21639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.21289999783039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20149999856948853}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3729718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae676788b1ba428d8fce7be271eced3c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae676788b1ba428d8fce7be271eced3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 137639-137655 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3729718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3729718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2577122925","https://openalex.org/W2963637207","https://openalex.org/W3003711898","https://openalex.org/W3176512504","https://openalex.org/W4290927927","https://openalex.org/W4382202677","https://openalex.org/W4395449500","https://openalex.org/W4402112257","https://openalex.org/W4402343071","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4402961917","https://openalex.org/W4406031111","https://openalex.org/W4409262536","https://openalex.org/W4409366157","https://openalex.org/W4412877089","https://openalex.org/W4412945183","https://openalex.org/W4413146282","https://openalex.org/W4414199103","https://openalex.org/W4414311642","https://openalex.org/W4414593789","https://openalex.org/W4415090466","https://openalex.org/W4415795831","https://openalex.org/W4416035276","https://openalex.org/W4417285901","https://openalex.org/W4417470555","https://openalex.org/W7133233472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417509039","https://openalex.org/W4412945296","https://openalex.org/W7131294788","https://openalex.org/W7123351514","https://openalex.org/W7157341456","https://openalex.org/W7165541828","https://openalex.org/W2766588810","https://openalex.org/W7202134482","https://openalex.org/W7203856511","https://openalex.org/W7214545381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"University":[0],"lecturers":[1],"often":[2],"annotate":[3],"printed":[4],"slides":[5,128],"during":[6],"class":[7,108],"with":[8,186],"handwritten":[9,96,147],"notes":[10],"and":[11,23,44,54,72,79,98,113,138,165,171,197,221,239],"mathematical":[12],"derivations.":[13],"Generic":[14],"OCR":[15,71],"skips":[16],"this":[17,76],"ink":[18,123],"or":[19,35,103],"returns":[20],"unrelated":[21],"strings,":[22],"no":[24,187],"public":[25],"dataset":[26],"fits":[27],"the":[28,85,90,118,121,140,149,161],"task:":[29],"German":[30,52,180],"handwriting":[31,225],"corpora":[32,39],"hold":[33],"prose":[34],"historical":[36],"script,":[37],"handwritten-mathematics":[38,73],"are":[40,243],"language-neutral":[41],"stroke":[42],"data,":[43],"none":[45],"captures":[46],"a":[47,58,63,81,110,114,143,198,211,215,230],"single":[48],"lecturer\u2019s":[49],"annotations":[50,87],"where":[51,229],"text":[53,102,181],"free-form":[55],"mathematics":[56,148],"share":[57],"slide.":[59,91],"We":[60,125],"ask":[61],"whether":[62],"general":[64],"vision-language":[65],"model":[66],"(VLM)":[67],"can":[68],"outperform":[69],"purpose-built":[70],"recognisers":[74],"in":[75],"data-scarce":[77],"setting,":[78],"drive":[80],"pipeline":[82,141,190],"that":[83],"typesets":[84],"recognised":[86],"back":[88],"onto":[89],"A":[92],"YOLOv8x":[93],"detector":[94,213],"locates":[95],"regions":[97],"labels":[99],"them":[100],"as":[101],"math.":[104],"Qwen3-VL-8B":[105],"transcribes":[106],"each":[107],"through":[109],"tailored":[111],"prompt,":[112],"LaTeX+dvipng":[115],"stage":[116,134],"renders":[117,191],"output":[119],"into":[120],"original":[122],"footprint.":[124],"hand-annotated":[126],"165":[127],"from":[129,219],"one":[130],"professor,":[131],"evaluated":[132],"every":[133],"on":[135,179,223],"held-out":[136],"crops,":[137],"ran":[139],"over":[142],"579-slide":[144],"corpus.":[145],"On":[146],"VLM":[150],"reaches":[151,183],"roughly":[152],"an":[153],"18%":[154],"character":[155],"error":[156],"rate,":[157],"less":[158],"than":[159],"half":[160],"next-best":[162],"system":[163],"(PaddleOCR-VL)":[164],"far":[166],"below":[167],"SmolDocling,":[168],"TrOCR,":[169],"Pix2Tex":[170],"TAMER,":[172],"which":[173],"all":[174],"exceed":[175],"80%":[176],"raw":[177],"CER;":[178],"it":[182],"under":[184],"6%":[185],"fine-tuning.":[188],"The":[189],"95%":[192],"of":[193,203],"detected":[194],"math":[195],"regions,":[196],"100-region":[199],"audit":[200],"judged":[201],"83%":[202],"rendered":[204],"replacements":[205],"fully":[206],"correct.":[207],"Two":[208],"further":[209],"findings:":[210],"warm-started":[212],"beats":[214],"newer":[216],"architecture":[217],"trained":[218],"scratch,":[220],"meta-learning":[222],"out-of-domain":[224],"fails":[226],"to":[227],"transfer,":[228],"small":[231],"adapter":[232],"is":[233],"cheaper.":[234],"Code,":[235],"configurations,":[236],"evaluation":[237,241],"scripts":[238],"annotated":[240],"sets":[242],"released":[244],"at":[245],"github.com/ragav1n/ink2digital":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-09-03T00:00:00"}