{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7205004677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","title":"Balancing Type I and Type II Error: The Role of Experimental Design in fMRI Cluster-Extent Correction","display_name":"Balancing Type I and Type II Error: The Role of Experimental Design in fMRI Cluster-Extent Correction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7205004677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149057325","display_name":"Emily Broderick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Broderick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080565423","display_name":"Scott D. Slotnick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-6174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-6174"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Slotnick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-6174","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-testing-correction","display_name":"multiple testing correction","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-i-error","display_name":"type I error","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-ii-error","display_name":"type II error","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size","display_name":"sample size","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-of-experiments","display_name":"number of experiments","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-robustness","display_name":"statistical robustness","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-simulation","display_name":"Monte Carlo simulation","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40696583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989120","display_name":"Type I and type II errors","level":2,"score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.569599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017540586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612728","display_name":"Cluster size","level":3,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020318244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812187","display_name":"Large sample","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9xhg7_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:9f10b6d2-8ad6-4076-b0bb-44e54861f06a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/9xhg7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7124534556","https://openalex.org/W2004002137","https://openalex.org/W2117101773","https://openalex.org/W2913316041","https://openalex.org/W7099827888","https://openalex.org/W4415682598","https://openalex.org/W2996080470","https://openalex.org/W2044634376","https://openalex.org/W2169463832","https://openalex.org/W7163203881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Functional":[1],"magnetic":[2],"resonance":[3],"imaging":[4],"(fMRI)":[5],"research":[6],"requires":[7],"multiple":[8],"comparison":[9],"correction":[10,30,83],"to":[11,17,39,120],"control":[12],"Type":[13,34],"I":[14],"error":[15],"due":[16],"the":[18,173,209],"large":[19],"number":[20,52,94,192,219],"of":[21,53,95,193,211,220],"voxel-wise":[22,60,109,154],"tests":[23],"in":[24,63,133,142,164,172,187,228],"whole-brain":[25],"analyses.":[26,190],"However,":[27],"overly":[28],"conservative":[29],"methods":[31],"can":[32],"inflate":[33],"II":[35],"error,":[36],"reducing":[37],"sensitivity":[38],"true":[40],"effects.":[41],"Objective:":[42],"The":[43,191],"present":[44],"study":[45],"examined":[46],"whether":[47],"total":[48],"sample":[49,86,131,157,179,197,216],"size":[50,87,132,158,180,198,217],"and":[51,59,93,107,116,124,203,218,226],"experiments":[54,96,194],"jointly":[55],"influence":[56],"cluster-extent":[57,82],"thresholds":[58,106,128,151],"statistical":[61,185,224],"outcomes":[62],"fMRI":[64,189],"simulations.":[65,144],"Methods:":[66],"Monte":[67],"Carlo":[68],"simulations":[69],"were":[70,102,111,169],"conducted":[71],"using":[72,113],"a":[73],"newly":[74],"developed":[75],"MATLAB":[76],"script,":[77],"cluster_threshold_delta,":[78],"which":[79],"extends":[80],"previous":[81],"methods.":[84],"Total":[85],"(nTot":[88],"=":[89,98],"10,":[90],"20,":[91],"30)":[92],"(nExp":[97],"1":[99],"vs.":[100],"2)":[101],"parametrically":[103],"varied.":[104],"Cluster-extent":[105,127],"computed":[108],"p-values":[110,163,168],"analyzed":[112],"linear":[114,117],"regression":[115],"mixed-effects":[118],"models":[119],"assess":[121],"main":[122],"effects":[123],"interactions.":[125],"Results:":[126],"increased":[129],"with":[130],"single-experiment":[134],"simulations,":[135],"but":[136],"this":[137],"increase":[138],"was":[139],"significantly":[140,148,161,170],"smaller":[141,149],"two-experiment":[143],"Multi-experiment":[145],"designs":[146],"produced":[147],"cluster":[150],"overall.":[152],"For":[153],"p-values,":[155],"increasing":[156],"did":[159],"not":[160,182],"reduce":[162],"either":[165],"condition,":[166],"however":[167],"reduced":[171],"two":[174],"experiment":[175],"condition.":[176],"Conclusion:":[177],"Increasing":[178],"does":[181],"uniformly":[183],"strengthen":[184],"inference":[186],"cluster-based":[188],"impacts":[195],"how":[196],"influences":[199],"both":[200,215],"spatial":[201],"extent":[202],"voxel-level":[204],"inference.":[205],"These":[206],"findings":[207],"highlight":[208],"importance":[210],"considering":[212],"experimental":[213],"design,":[214],"experiments,":[221],"when":[222],"evaluating":[223],"robustness":[225],"reproducibility":[227],"neuroimaging":[229],"research.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}