{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7205003135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","title":"Estimating CO2 Leakage Fluxes along Legacy Wells Using a Rapid Physics-Based Screening Approach","display_name":"Estimating CO2 Leakage Fluxes along Legacy Wells Using a Rapid Physics-Based Screening Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7205003135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5cr4x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14756/download/25658/","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14756/download/25658/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042378045","display_name":"Hariharan Ramachandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5979-0930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5979-0930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hariharan Ramachandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5979-0930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010837641","display_name":"Iain de Jonge\u2010Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-8194","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-8194"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain De Jonge-Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021067273","display_name":"Benjamin Pullen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7833-920X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7833-920X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Pullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","The Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027714962","display_name":"Aaron G. Cahill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0528-8782","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0528-8782"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Cahill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","The Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Lyell Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legacy-wells","display_name":"legacy wells","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geological-co2-storage","display_name":"CO2 geological storage","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-degradation","display_name":"cement degradation","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span-wagner-equation-of-state","display_name":"Span-Wagner equation of state","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/darcy-flow","display_name":"Darcy flow","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abandoned-wells","display_name":"abandoned wells","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-north-sea","display_name":"southern North Sea","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphase-flow","display_name":"multiphase flow","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"uncertainty quantification","score":0.6899999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120882062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352","display_name":"Permeability (electromagnetism)","level":3,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113378726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310797","display_name":"Relative permeability","level":3,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20820323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6496514","display_name":"Latin hypercube sampling","level":3,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548895740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Petroleum","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779379648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1559665","display_name":"Multiphase flow","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9677107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102","display_name":"Wellbore","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172427958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338447","display_name":"Pigging","level":3,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164205550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193340","display_name":"Spark plug","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104308156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389519","display_name":"Cabin pressurization","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781395549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680762","display_name":"Adaptive sampling","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778668878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6380338","display_name":"Reservoir simulation","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20892748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390394","display_name":"Magnetic flux leakage","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5cr4x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14756/download/25658/","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:14756","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14756/download/25658/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5cr4x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5cr4x","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14756/download/25658/","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7205003135.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7205003135.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200143640","https://openalex.org/W304523915","https://openalex.org/W1964912099","https://openalex.org/W1965869914","https://openalex.org/W1968974086","https://openalex.org/W1969468684","https://openalex.org/W1974614909","https://openalex.org/W1981459990","https://openalex.org/W1983594085","https://openalex.org/W1998879992","https://openalex.org/W1999962729","https://openalex.org/W2012579131","https://openalex.org/W2018621062","https://openalex.org/W2025740130","https://openalex.org/W2026403523","https://openalex.org/W2035478385","https://openalex.org/W2041278533","https://openalex.org/W2041949843","https://openalex.org/W2043634475","https://openalex.org/W2052500949","https://openalex.org/W2055111706","https://openalex.org/W2056610358","https://openalex.org/W2058738180","https://openalex.org/W2059338364","https://openalex.org/W2071030585","https://openalex.org/W2077129055","https://openalex.org/W2079561668","https://openalex.org/W2080072136","https://openalex.org/W2088451482","https://openalex.org/W2104461522","https://openalex.org/W2110823667","https://openalex.org/W2120575449","https://openalex.org/W2129288307","https://openalex.org/W2151489236","https://openalex.org/W2167840832","https://openalex.org/W2198750495","https://openalex.org/W2250296591","https://openalex.org/W2263291128","https://openalex.org/W2275686692","https://openalex.org/W2472318300","https://openalex.org/W2623061109","https://openalex.org/W2783263339","https://openalex.org/W2894790186","https://openalex.org/W2897956149","https://openalex.org/W2938440079","https://openalex.org/W2951308575","https://openalex.org/W2977431836","https://openalex.org/W3003454631","https://openalex.org/W3043619567","https://openalex.org/W3137103944","https://openalex.org/W3139194796","https://openalex.org/W3155646479","https://openalex.org/W3175969283","https://openalex.org/W3197488329","https://openalex.org/W4206453235","https://openalex.org/W4246968826","https://openalex.org/W4285135192","https://openalex.org/W4293070273","https://openalex.org/W4310858710","https://openalex.org/W4317434526","https://openalex.org/W4361210744","https://openalex.org/W4372302031","https://openalex.org/W4385651087","https://openalex.org/W4389090149","https://openalex.org/W4390090491","https://openalex.org/W4394567662","https://openalex.org/W4405598705","https://openalex.org/W4407597865","https://openalex.org/W4409633539","https://openalex.org/W4415053484","https://openalex.org/W4415224134","https://openalex.org/W4416344653","https://openalex.org/W7102549989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045164078","https://openalex.org/W6960268397","https://openalex.org/W1975257807","https://openalex.org/W2043634475","https://openalex.org/W4400058980","https://openalex.org/W2596166596","https://openalex.org/W7162821922","https://openalex.org/W2035478385","https://openalex.org/W7131622643","https://openalex.org/W7165520946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"net-zero":[1],"targets":[2],"demands":[3],"the":[4,28,110,160,230],"rapid":[5],"expansion":[6],"of":[7,113,183],"CO2":[8,73,94,105],"geological":[9],"storage,":[10],"but":[11,63],"legacy":[12,98,243],"wells":[13,145,244],"in":[14,61,229],"mature":[15],"petroleum":[16],"provinces":[17],"represent":[18],"a":[19,84,212],"significant":[20],"containment":[21],"risk":[22],"when":[23,45],"engineered":[24],"barriers":[25],"degrade.":[26],"At":[27],"early":[29],"assessment":[30],"stage,":[31],"storage":[32],"projects":[33],"need":[34],"to":[35,153,176],"rapidly":[36,90],"bound":[37],"plausible":[38],"leakage":[39,59,95,116,164],"magnitudes":[40,136],"across":[41,146],"large":[42],"legacy-well":[43],"inventories":[44],"integrity":[46],"data":[47],"are":[48,64,137],"sparse;":[49],"however,":[50],"suitable":[51],"modelling":[52],"approaches":[53],"remain":[54],"limited.":[55],"High-fidelity":[56],"simulations":[57],"capture":[58],"physics":[60],"detail":[62],"computationally":[65],"demanding,":[66],"while":[67,180],"simpler":[68],"analytical":[69],"models":[70],"neglect":[71],"depth-dependent":[72,104],"property":[74],"variations":[75],"arising":[76],"from":[77,143,149],"realistic":[78],"pressure\u2013temperature":[79],"gradients.":[80],"We":[81],"present":[82],"QWellRATE,":[83],"simplified":[85],"physics-based":[86],"screening":[87],"model":[88,102],"for":[89,245],"estimating":[91],"upper-bound":[92],"steady-state":[93],"fluxes":[96],"along":[97],"wellbore":[99],"pathways.":[100,155],"The":[101,192],"evaluates":[103],"density":[106],"and":[107,123,201,223],"viscosity":[108],"using":[109,248],"Span\u2013Wagner":[111],"equation":[112],"state,":[114],"represents":[115],"pathways":[117],"as":[118],"an":[119,177,188],"equivalent":[120],"Darcy":[121],"continuum,":[122],"operates":[124],"on":[125,163],"readily":[126],"available":[127],"inputs":[128],"without":[129],"requiring":[130],"coupled":[131],"reservoir":[132],"simulation.":[133],"Predicted":[134],"flux":[135,171,214],"consistent":[138],"with":[139],"published":[140],"field":[141],"analogues":[142],"abandoned":[144],"configurations":[147],"ranging":[148],"intact":[150,167],"multi-plug":[151],"systems":[152],"unplugged":[154,178],"Cement":[156],"plug":[157],"permeability":[158],"is":[159],"primary":[161],"control":[162],"flux:":[165],"two":[166],"cement":[168,222],"plugs":[169,186],"reduce":[170],"by":[172,217,241],"approximately":[173,189],"760-fold":[174],"relative":[175],"well,":[179],"simultaneous":[181],"degradation":[182],"all":[184],"three":[185],"produces":[187],"500-fold":[190],"increase.":[191],"model\u2019s":[193],"computational":[194],"efficiency":[195],"enables":[196],"sensitivity":[197],"analysis,":[198],"uncertainty":[199],"quantification,":[200],"regional":[202],"spatial":[203],"screening.":[204],"Uncertainty":[205],"quantification":[206],"via":[207],"Latin":[208],"Hypercube":[209],"Sampling":[210],"yields":[211],"five-order-of-magnitude":[213],"range":[215],"driven":[216],"multiplicative":[218],"interactions":[219],"between":[220],"degraded":[221],"elevated":[224],"mud":[225],"permeability.":[226],"Regional":[227],"demonstration":[228],"Southern":[231],"North":[232],"Sea":[233],"illustrates":[234],"how":[235],"QWellRATE":[236],"can":[237],"support":[238],"tiered":[239],"workflows":[240],"prioritising":[242],"targeted":[246],"follow-up":[247],"high-fidelity":[249],"multiphase":[250],"simulators.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}
