{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204994420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","title":"Ethics at the Center: Interpreting Title IX\u2019s Shifts Through the Lens of Professional Duty in Oral Health Education and Practice","display_name":"Ethics at the Center: Interpreting Title IX\u2019s Shifts Through the Lens of Professional Duty in Oral Health Education and Practice","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204994420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755862238","display_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association","issn_l":"0091-4231","issn":["0091-4231","1043-2256","1942-4396"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316487","host_organization_name":"California Dental Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316487"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["California Dental Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025911208","display_name":"Carlos Stringer Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-8515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-8515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos S. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["VCU School of Dentistry"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-8515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VCU School of Dentistry","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149015622","display_name":"Brooke Berry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brooke Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072918600","display_name":"Shelvia English","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-1853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-1853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802446248","display_name":"American Dental Education Association","ror":"https://ror.org/02gv7n749","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802446248"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelvia English","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Dental Education Association"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Dental Education Association","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802446248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025911208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13457","display_name":"Dental Education, Practice, Research","score":0.1914999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13457","display_name":"Dental Education, Practice, Research","score":0.1914999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.14309999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.07620000094175339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/title-ix","display_name":"Title IX","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-education","display_name":"dental education","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-ethics","display_name":"professional ethics","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-discrimination","display_name":"gender discrimination","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-harassment","display_name":"sexual harassment","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/justice","display_name":"justice","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beneficence","display_name":"beneficence","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonmaleficence","display_name":"non-maleficence","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-contract","display_name":"social contract","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-compliance","display_name":"institutional compliance","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-culture","display_name":"organizational culture","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-leadership","display_name":"ethical leadership","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"inclusion","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.7610999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992672162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Oral health","level":2,"score":0.7432000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991918945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dental practice","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500143535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31022","display_name":"Professional ethics","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067788","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992692163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dental education","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986629439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9635","display_name":"Oral cavity","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558929","display_name":"Oral history","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986805488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23797","display_name":"Contact lens","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755862238","display_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association","issn_l":"0091-4231","issn":["0091-4231","1043-2256","1942-4396"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316487","host_organization_name":"California Dental Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316487"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["California Dental Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14ec2ca56bc84b4b98a81f40343a0bf5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14ec2ca56bc84b4b98a81f40343a0bf5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association, Vol 54, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19424396.2026.2718673?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755862238","display_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association","issn_l":"0091-4231","issn":["0091-4231","1043-2256","1942-4396"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316487","host_organization_name":"California Dental Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316487"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["California Dental Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the California Dental Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5676000118255615},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308415","display_name":"American Dental Education Association","ror":"https://ror.org/02gv7n749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310587","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311096","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332167","display_name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001xhss06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332749","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204994420.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204994420.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1888373075","https://openalex.org/W2187411840","https://openalex.org/W2204793428","https://openalex.org/W2892698910","https://openalex.org/W3009915979","https://openalex.org/W3012456298","https://openalex.org/W3018846153","https://openalex.org/W3127611023","https://openalex.org/W3174541601","https://openalex.org/W4220664938","https://openalex.org/W4288687383","https://openalex.org/W4297249538","https://openalex.org/W4297250826","https://openalex.org/W4297251382","https://openalex.org/W4297253042","https://openalex.org/W4306406899","https://openalex.org/W4310461444","https://openalex.org/W4313379666","https://openalex.org/W4360965412","https://openalex.org/W4376133474","https://openalex.org/W4404554104","https://openalex.org/W4406892210","https://openalex.org/W4409372526","https://openalex.org/W4409984199","https://openalex.org/W4410776982","https://openalex.org/W4410776992","https://openalex.org/W4410777016","https://openalex.org/W4410777076","https://openalex.org/W4410777325","https://openalex.org/W4410777340","https://openalex.org/W4410777363","https://openalex.org/W4411046819","https://openalex.org/W4414602447","https://openalex.org/W7125787628","https://openalex.org/W7169575283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215132086","https://openalex.org/W4412938238","https://openalex.org/W2709814096","https://openalex.org/W1784450463","https://openalex.org/W4245528142","https://openalex.org/W7169575283","https://openalex.org/W7140301103","https://openalex.org/W7220123812","https://openalex.org/W4415304649","https://openalex.org/W2277381614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Title":[1,41,54,133,169],"IX":[2,42,55,134,170],"is":[3,29],"a":[4,62,107],"foundational":[5],"civil":[6],"rights":[7],"law":[8],"affecting":[9],"educational":[10],"environments,":[11],"including":[12],"dental":[13,86],"education.":[14],"Ongoing":[15],"regulatory":[16],"changes":[17],"have":[18],"created":[19],"uncertainty":[20],"for":[21,82,98,109],"institutions,":[22],"raising":[23],"questions":[24],"about":[25],"whether":[26],"compliance":[27,115],"alone":[28],"sufficient":[30],"to":[31,76,111,158],"fulfill":[32],"dentistry\u2019s":[33,74],"professional":[34],"and":[35,49,80,94,101,116,122,141,151,163,178],"ethical":[36,69,176],"obligations.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"examines":[40],"through":[43,168],"the":[44,50],"lens":[45],"of":[46,119],"professionalism,":[47,162],"justice,":[48,79],"profession\u2019s":[51],"social":[52],"contract.Conclusions":[53],"should":[56],"be":[57],"understood":[58],"not":[59],"only":[60],"as":[61,67],"legal":[63],"requirement":[64],"but":[65],"also":[66,174],"an":[68],"framework":[70],"that":[71,90],"aligns":[72],"with":[73,160],"commitments":[75],"beneficence,":[77],"nonmaleficence,":[78],"respect":[81],"persons.":[83],"Evidence":[84],"from":[85],"education":[87],"literature":[88],"suggests":[89],"gender-based":[91],"discrimination,":[92],"harassment,":[93],"inequities":[95],"remain":[96],"challenges":[97],"learners,":[99],"faculty,":[100],"staff.":[102],"An":[103],"ethics-centered":[104],"approach":[105],"provides":[106],"pathway":[108],"institutions":[110],"move":[112],"beyond":[113],"minimum":[114],"strengthen":[117],"cultures":[118],"accountability,":[120],"safety,":[121],"inclusion.Practical":[123],"Implications":[124],"Dental":[125],"schools":[126],"can":[127,173],"advance":[128],"these":[129],"goals":[130],"by":[131],"incorporating":[132],"principles":[135],"into":[136],"admissions,":[137],"curriculum,":[138],"clinical":[139],"training,":[140],"institutional":[142],"policies.":[143],"Doing":[144],"so":[145],"may":[146],"foster":[147],"safer":[148],"learning":[149],"environments":[150],"better":[152],"prepare":[153],"future":[154],"oral":[155],"health":[156],"professionals":[157],"lead":[159],"fairness,":[161],"respect.":[164],"The":[165],"values":[166],"reinforced":[167],"in":[171],"training":[172],"inform":[175],"leadership":[177],"workplace":[179],"culture":[180],"throughout":[181],"graduates\u2019":[182],"careers.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}
