{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204992760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","title":"The promise of self-supervised and active learning for strong lens discovery: Astronomaly applied to KiDS","display_name":"The promise of self-supervised and active learning for strong lens discovery: Astronomaly applied to KiDS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204992760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1642/70922527/stag1642.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1642/70922527/stag1642.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010580718","display_name":"Margherita Grespan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-0217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-0217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097150","display_name":"National Centre for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00nzsxq20","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097150"]}],"countries":["GB","PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Margherita Grespan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research , ul. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw ,","Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-0217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research , ul. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130192873","display_name":"Aprajita Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-0781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-0781"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aprajita Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-0781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051166700","display_name":"Michelle Lochner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-8281","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-8281"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869660684","display_name":"University of the Western Cape","ror":"https://ror.org/00h2vm590","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Lochner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Bellville, Cape Town 7535 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-8281","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Bellville, Cape Town 7535 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093356409","display_name":"Koketso Mohale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-4107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-4107"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869660684","display_name":"University of the Western Cape","ror":"https://ror.org/00h2vm590","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koketso Mohale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Bellville, Cape Town 7535 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-4107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Bellville, Cape Town 7535 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028674452","display_name":"Verlon Etsebeth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-6442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-6442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869660684","display_name":"University of the Western Cape","ror":"https://ror.org/00h2vm590","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verlon Etsebeth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Bellville, Cape Town 7535 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-6442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Bellville, Cape Town 7535 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119638815","display_name":"Duncan J. Bowden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6114-1401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6114-1401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan Bowden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6114-1401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010580718"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210097150"],"apc_list":{"value":2310,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3046},"apc_paid":{"value":2310,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3046},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56566554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"552","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.7997999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.7997999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.15410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strong-gravitational-lenses","display_name":"strong gravitational lenses","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-supervised-learning","display_name":"self-supervised learning","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byol","display_name":"BYOL","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning-machine-learning","display_name":"active learning (machine learning)","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop","display_name":"human-in-the-loop","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kids","display_name":"kids","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kilo-degree-survey","display_name":"Kilo-Degree Survey","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-surveys","display_name":"galaxy surveys","score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclid","display_name":"Euclid","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legacy-survey-of-space-and-time","display_name":"Legacy Survey of Space and Time","score":0.9449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5813999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43481613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46587","display_name":"Active galactic nucleus","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193611912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677596","display_name":"Active vision","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1642/70922527/stag1642.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.00154","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00154","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.00154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.00154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.00154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.00154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1642","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1642/70922527/stag1642.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000373409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BPN/BEK/2024/1/00325/DEC/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328499","funder_display_name":"Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309788","display_name":"Neurosciences Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05exfab56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320692","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321966","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321970","display_name":"University of the Western Cape","ror":"https://ror.org/00h2vm590"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322696","display_name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e9h402"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324164","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328499","display_name":"Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf81j23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332516","display_name":"Nurses Organization of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/017gq1v43"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204992760.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204992760.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W1995942510","https://openalex.org/W2099001231","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2952853822","https://openalex.org/W2964201257","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W3010398094","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3131573008","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W4246978135","https://openalex.org/W4283644577","https://openalex.org/W4394007058","https://openalex.org/W4399282045","https://openalex.org/W4399728346","https://openalex.org/W4399747430","https://openalex.org/W4400450676","https://openalex.org/W4401108601","https://openalex.org/W4403755492","https://openalex.org/W4403861244","https://openalex.org/W4404085814","https://openalex.org/W4404162446","https://openalex.org/W4406880929","https://openalex.org/W4407138160","https://openalex.org/W4413966155","https://openalex.org/W4416149931","https://openalex.org/W7047147840","https://openalex.org/W7102404151","https://openalex.org/W7126060057","https://openalex.org/W7130578128","https://openalex.org/W7135071788","https://openalex.org/W7156013437","https://openalex.org/W7165781874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202552603","https://openalex.org/W2905471793","https://openalex.org/W2593003715","https://openalex.org/W4380442513","https://openalex.org/W4401438610","https://openalex.org/W4399282045","https://openalex.org/W3013600683","https://openalex.org/W2604506260","https://openalex.org/W3015167836","https://openalex.org/W7214057910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Strong":[1],"gravitational":[2],"lenses":[3,44,201],"(SGLs)":[4],"are":[5,73,126,188,202],"rare":[6],"systems":[7,117,143,180],"whose":[8],"discovery":[9,248],"currently":[10],"relies":[11],"primarily":[12],"on":[13,19,81,89,243],"supervised":[14,238],"machine":[15],"learning":[16,39,109,163],"methods":[17,239],"trained":[18],"large":[20,46],"simulated":[21,53],"data":[22,84,91],"sets.":[23],"We":[24,56],"present":[25],"the":[26,50,66,82,93,102,107,114,139,148,161,184,230,247],"first":[27],"application":[28],"of":[29,60,104,123,169,195,220,229,249,253],"Astronomaly:Protege":[30],"to":[31],"SGL":[32,136],"discovery,":[33],"demonstrating":[34],"that":[35,141],"a":[36,58,76,167,250],"human-in-the-loop":[37],"active":[38,108,162],"framework":[40],"can":[41],"efficiently":[42],"identify":[43,166],"in":[45,147],"imaging":[47],"surveys":[48,211],"without":[49],"need":[51],"for":[52,118,209],"training":[54],"data.":[55],"consider":[57],"sample":[59,155],"3.7":[61],"million":[62],"bright":[63],"galaxies":[64],"from":[65],"Kilo-Degree":[67],"Survey":[68,219],"(KiDS)":[69],"DR4.":[70],"Feature":[71],"representations":[72],"extracted":[74],"using":[75,92],"convolutional":[77],"neural":[78],"network":[79],"pre-trained":[80],"ImageNet":[83],"set":[85],"and":[86,174,216,222,245],"subsequently":[87],"fine-tuned":[88],"KiDS":[90,200],"self-supervised":[94],"Bootstrap":[95],"Your":[96],"Own":[97],"Latent":[98],"(BYOL)":[99],"framework.":[100],"Within":[101],"embedding":[103],"these":[105,142],"representations,":[106],"loop":[110],"ofAstronomaly":[111],"iteratively":[112],"selects":[113],"most":[115],"informative":[116],"expert":[119],"inspection.":[120],"A":[121],"total":[122,168],"3000":[124],"objects":[125],"inspected":[127],"across":[128],"multiple":[129],"rounds,":[130],"yielding":[131],"34":[132],"high-quality":[133,231],"(grade":[134,181],"A/B)":[135],"candidates.":[137],"On":[138],"basis":[140],"occupy":[144],"similar":[145],"regions":[146],"learned":[149],"feature":[150],"space,":[151],"we":[152,165],"expand":[153],"this":[154,235],"through":[156],"nearest-neighbour":[157],"similarity":[158],"analysis.":[159],"Including":[160],"discoveries,":[164],"140":[170],"grade":[171,198],"A/B":[172,185,199],"candidates":[173,232],"more":[175],"than":[176],"1000":[177],"additional":[178],"lower-confidence":[179],"C).":[182],"Among":[183],"candidates,":[186],"81":[187],"newly":[189,233],"identified,":[190],"while":[191],"$\\sim$22":[192],"per":[193,227],"cent":[194,228],"previously":[196],"known":[197],"recovered.":[203],"These":[204],"results":[205],"demonstrate":[206],"strong":[207],"potential":[208],"next-generation":[210],"such":[212],"as":[213],"Euclid,":[214],"Roman,":[215],"Rubin\u2019s":[217],"Legacy":[218],"Space":[221],"Time.":[223],"With":[224],"approximately":[225],"60":[226],"reported,":[234],"approach":[236],"complements":[237],"by":[240],"reducing":[241],"reliance":[242],"simulations":[244],"enabling":[246],"diverse":[251],"population":[252],"SGLs.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}