{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204988392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","title":"Unsupervised Clustering for Identifying Dusty Days and Their Sources: A Long-Term Data Study in Sanandaj, Iran","display_name":"Unsupervised Clustering for Identifying Dusty Days and Their Sources: A Long-Term Data Study in Sanandaj, Iran","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204988392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5wr36","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14739/download/25633/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14739/download/25633/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149085853","display_name":"Mohammad Momen Haji Mirzaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2963-9875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2963-9875"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38476204","display_name":"Urmia University","ror":"https://ror.org/032fk0x53","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38476204"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Momen Haji Mirzaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sc. in Environmental Engineering , School of Engineering , Civil Engineering Department ; Urmia University , Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2963-9875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sc. in Environmental Engineering , School of Engineering , Civil Engineering Department ; Urmia University , Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38476204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130220028","display_name":"Yashar Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0525-6224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0525-6224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38476204","display_name":"Urmia University","ror":"https://ror.org/032fk0x53","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38476204"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yashar Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sc. in Environmental Engineering , School of Engineering , Civil Engineering Department ; Urmia University , Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sc. in Environmental Engineering , School of Engineering , Civil Engineering Department ; Urmia University , Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38476204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38476204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-storms","display_name":"dust storms","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm10","display_name":"PM10","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol-optical-depth","display_name":"aerosol optical depth","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-optical-depth","display_name":"dust optical depth","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-mass-back-trajectories","display_name":"air mass back trajectories","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hysplit-model","display_name":"HYSPLIT","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"K-means clustering","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"thresholding","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanandaj","display_name":"Sanandaj","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesopotamia","display_name":"Mesopotamia","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syria","display_name":"Syria","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-transport","display_name":"dust transport","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-monitoring","display_name":"long-term monitoring","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6166999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781449660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182878","display_name":"Dust storm","level":3,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160529264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11942233","display_name":"Mineral dust","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5wr36","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14739/download/25633/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:14739","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14739/download/25633/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5wr36","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5wr36","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/14739/download/25633/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5351999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204988392.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204988392.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1882732971","https://openalex.org/W1968901811","https://openalex.org/W1970335674","https://openalex.org/W1973577532","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2024639815","https://openalex.org/W2028767754","https://openalex.org/W2030752473","https://openalex.org/W2048405625","https://openalex.org/W2073215590","https://openalex.org/W2078957835","https://openalex.org/W2115935573","https://openalex.org/W2135605507","https://openalex.org/W2137012641","https://openalex.org/W2480938424","https://openalex.org/W2553967297","https://openalex.org/W2598983944","https://openalex.org/W2796178159","https://openalex.org/W2800954489","https://openalex.org/W2896053791","https://openalex.org/W2900933286","https://openalex.org/W2903098574","https://openalex.org/W2917616628","https://openalex.org/W2983870556","https://openalex.org/W3003162809","https://openalex.org/W3004809130","https://openalex.org/W3041366767","https://openalex.org/W3109909295","https://openalex.org/W3110565233","https://openalex.org/W3114921416","https://openalex.org/W3124733411","https://openalex.org/W3128032128","https://openalex.org/W3161654430","https://openalex.org/W3162248478","https://openalex.org/W3163067729","https://openalex.org/W3163850243","https://openalex.org/W3172458608","https://openalex.org/W3207265378","https://openalex.org/W3213954174","https://openalex.org/W3216995244","https://openalex.org/W4210345319","https://openalex.org/W4243863038","https://openalex.org/W4281488416","https://openalex.org/W4292933682","https://openalex.org/W4307164794","https://openalex.org/W4309534698","https://openalex.org/W4313646083","https://openalex.org/W4317608887","https://openalex.org/W4381094828","https://openalex.org/W4383550931","https://openalex.org/W4383982165","https://openalex.org/W4386788051","https://openalex.org/W4386857214","https://openalex.org/W4387105640","https://openalex.org/W4387964822","https://openalex.org/W4388747448","https://openalex.org/W4391926975","https://openalex.org/W4393409263","https://openalex.org/W4403317509","https://openalex.org/W4405651755","https://openalex.org/W4406212987","https://openalex.org/W4408528307","https://openalex.org/W4409732300","https://openalex.org/W4410199073","https://openalex.org/W6926189246","https://openalex.org/W7080007397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3156930289","https://openalex.org/W3043365821","https://openalex.org/W3002662256","https://openalex.org/W3207265378","https://openalex.org/W4200321304","https://openalex.org/W4311067359","https://openalex.org/W4385760657","https://openalex.org/W3171841412","https://openalex.org/W7203831107","https://openalex.org/W4386161969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dust":[0,89,94],"storms":[1],"are":[2],"a":[3,31,225],"persistent":[4],"environmental":[5],"hazard":[6],"in":[7,40,245],"the":[8,21,131,144,202,212],"Middle":[9],"East,":[10],"yet":[11],"long-term":[12],"monitoring":[13],"remains":[14],"limited":[15],"by":[16],"sparse":[17],"ground":[18],"observations":[19],"and":[20,43,60,77,93,101,109,151,163,192,205,208,215,233,242,247],"lack":[22],"of":[23,57,135],"objective,":[24],"reproducible":[25],"event":[26],"definitions.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"develops":[30],"transferable,":[32],"data-driven":[33],"framework":[34,227],"for":[35],"objectively":[36,62,174],"identifying":[37],"dusty":[38,149],"days":[39],"data-scarce":[41],"regions":[42],"explicitly":[44],"addresses":[45],"two":[46,196],"key":[47],"issues:":[48],"defining":[49],"dust":[50,67,136,162],"events":[51,64],"using":[52,106],"defensible":[53],"multi-indicator":[54],"criteria":[55,115],"instead":[56],"arbitrary":[58],"thresholds,":[59],"linking":[61],"detected":[63],"to":[65],"dominant":[66],"source":[68,235],"regions.":[69,249],"Long-term":[70],"PM\u2081\u2080":[71],"records":[72],"were":[73],"combined":[74],"with":[75,186],"satellite":[76],"reanalysis":[78],"aerosol":[79],"indices,":[80],"including":[81],"Aerosol":[82,95],"Optical":[83,90,96],"Depth":[84,91,97],"at":[85],"550":[86],"nm":[87],"(AOD\u2085\u2085\u2080),":[88],"(DOD),":[92],"(DUAOD\u2085\u2085\u2080)":[98],"from":[99,201,211],"CAMS":[100],"MERRA-2.":[102],"Quantitative":[103],"thresholds":[104],"derived":[105],"statistical":[107],"analyses":[108],"K-Means":[110,193],"clustering":[111,194],"produced":[112],"physically":[113],"consistent":[114],"(PM\u2081\u2080":[116],"\u2265":[117,122,125,128],"75":[118],"\u03bcg":[119],"m\u207b\u00b3;":[120],"AOD\u2085\u2085\u2080":[121],"0.45;":[123],"DOD":[124],"0.20;":[126],"DUAOD\u2085\u2085\u2080":[127],"0.20),":[129],"capturing":[130],"episodic,":[132],"right-skewed":[133],"nature":[134],"variability.":[137],"Among":[138],"Boolean":[139],"rules,":[140],"OR":[141],"logic":[142],"provided":[143],"most":[145],"comprehensive":[146],"detection":[147],"(616":[148],"days)":[150],"remained":[152],"robust":[153],"under":[154],"\u00b12%":[155],"perturbations,":[156],"while":[157],"Meteorological":[158],"Aerodrome":[159],"Reports":[160],"(METAR)":[161],"visibility":[164],"codes":[165],"confirmed":[166],"higher":[167],"recall":[168],"than":[169],"restrictive":[170],"schemes.":[171],"Using":[172],"these":[173],"identified":[175],"events,":[176],"72-h":[177],"Hybrid":[178],"Single-Particle":[179],"Lagrangian":[180],"Integrated":[181],"Trajectory":[182],"(HYSPLIT)":[183],"backward":[184],"trajectories":[185],"resampling,":[187],"Principal":[188],"Component":[189],"Analysis":[190],"(PCA),":[191],"revealed":[195],"distinct":[197],"regimes:":[198],"regional":[199],"transport":[200],"Iraq-Iran":[203],"borderlands":[204],"southern":[206],"Mesopotamia,":[207],"longer-range":[209],"intrusions":[210],"Syrian":[213],"Desert":[214],"northern-western":[216],"Mesopotamia.":[217],"Unlike":[218],"previous":[219],"single-indicator":[220],"studies,":[221],"this":[222],"work":[223],"provides":[224],"unified":[226],"integrating":[228],"objective":[229],"thresholding,":[230],"independent":[231],"validation,":[232],"trajectory":[234],"attribution,":[236],"supporting":[237],"scalable":[238],"monitoring,":[239],"early":[240],"warning,":[241],"risk":[243],"management":[244],"arid":[246],"semi-arid":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}