{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204957049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30312","title":"Testing SALT Approximations with Numerical Radiative Transfer Code. II. Thermal and Microturbulent Line Broadening","display_name":"Testing SALT Approximations with Numerical Radiative Transfer Code. II. Thermal and Microturbulent Line Broadening","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204957049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.30312","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30312","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30312","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137436504","display_name":"Cody Carr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-2855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-2855"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carr, Cody","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019025722","display_name":"Renyue Cen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8531-9536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8531-9536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cen, Renyue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cosmology and Computational Astrophysics , Institute for Advanced Study in Physics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China","Institute of Astronomy , School of Physics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cosmology and Computational Astrophysics , Institute for Advanced Study in Physics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Astronomy , School of Physics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109397401","display_name":"L. Michel-Dansac","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel-Dansac, Leo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , CNES , LAM , Marseille , France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , CNES , LAM , Marseille , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084601892","display_name":"Claudia M. Scarlata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-8876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-8876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scarlata, Claudia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics , School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , 316 Church Street SE , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics , School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , 316 Church Street SE , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031945423","display_name":"Alaina Henry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6586-4446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6586-4446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297127228","display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036f5mx38","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297127228","https://openalex.org/I1313867356"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry, Alaina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Astrophysical Sciences , Department of Physics & Astronomy , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA","Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Astrophysical Sciences , Department of Physics & Astronomy , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297127228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.5859000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.5859000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-winds","display_name":"galactic winds","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sobolev-approximation","display_name":"Sobolev approximation","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-broadening","display_name":"thermal broadening","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microturbulence","display_name":"small-scale turbulence","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-broadening","display_name":"line broadening","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escape-probability","display_name":"escape probability","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-broadening","display_name":"Doppler broadening","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameter-degeneracies","display_name":"parameter degeneracies","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-outflow-rate","display_name":"mass outflow rate","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-profiles","display_name":"line profiles","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mock-spectra","display_name":"mock spectra","score":0.4790000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.8492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6761999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.6134999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.5175999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86132830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308838","display_name":"Outflow","level":2,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777727622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251772","display_name":"Degeneracy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62103226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902598","display_name":"Doppler broadening","level":3,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89394759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192593","display_name":"Thermal radiation","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46244369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193709","display_name":"Rayleigh scattering","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31532427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2549249","display_name":"Magnetohydrodynamics","level":3,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780187573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3754592","display_name":"Source function","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139210041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145840","display_name":"Resonance (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119947313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5596635","display_name":"Jet (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99730327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501536","display_name":"Sobolev space","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553335","display_name":"Line source","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202887219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3895221","display_name":"Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152303783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855949","display_name":"Sinc function","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.30312","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30312","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.30312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.30312","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30312","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204957049.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204957049.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384936829","https://openalex.org/W2012002176","https://openalex.org/W4300804617","https://openalex.org/W1623705783","https://openalex.org/W7152470243","https://openalex.org/W4238063445","https://openalex.org/W2022528079","https://openalex.org/W1645696945","https://openalex.org/W1816149280","https://openalex.org/W1649451183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forward":[0],"models":[1,28,71],"that":[2,62,112],"connect":[3],"galactic":[4],"winds":[5],"to":[6,34,89,111,121],"their":[7],"predicted":[8],"spectral-line":[9],"profiles":[10],"have":[11,199,220],"proved":[12],"effective":[13],"for":[14],"inferring":[15],"wind":[16,78,218],"properties":[17,79],"in":[18,66,99],"controlled":[19],"settings,":[20],"but":[21],"important":[22],"limitations":[23],"remain.":[24],"In":[25,53],"particular,":[26],"many":[27],"rely":[29],"on":[30],"the":[31,36,51,54,74,86,95,100,115,131,157,161,174,187,194,216,242],"Sobolev":[32,116],"approximation":[33],"solve":[35],"radiative":[37,96,145],"transfer":[38,97,146],"equation":[39,98],"and":[40,47,133,160,164,169,205,226],"neglect":[41],"line":[42],"broadening":[43,65],"caused":[44],"by":[45,93,137,209,230],"thermal":[46],"turbulent":[48],"motions":[49],"within":[50],"wind.":[52],"first":[55],"paper":[56],"of":[57,76,126,176,202,223,241],"this":[58,64,91],"series,":[59],"we":[60,84],"demonstrated":[61],"neglecting":[63],"Semi-Analytical":[67],"Line":[68],"Transfer":[69],"(SALT)":[70],"can":[72,172],"bias":[73],"recovery":[75],"fundamental":[77],"from":[80,123],"mock":[81,139],"observations.":[82],"Here,":[83],"extend":[85],"SALT":[87],"framework":[88],"incorporate":[90],"motion":[92],"solving":[94],"single-scattering":[101],"limit.":[102],"We":[103,129,152],"treat":[104],"re-emission":[105],"using":[106],"an":[107],"escape-probability":[108],"approach":[109],"similar":[110],"adopted":[113],"under":[114],"approximation,":[117],"while":[118],"allowing":[119],"photons":[120],"escape":[122],"resonance":[124],"regions":[125],"finite":[127],"thickness.":[128],"validate":[130],"model":[132],"investigate":[134],"parameter":[135,159],"degeneracies":[136],"fitting":[138],"spectra":[140],"generated":[141],"with":[142],"Monte":[143],"Carlo":[144],"simulations":[147],"assuming":[148],"identical":[149],"outflow":[150],"configurations.":[151],"identify":[153],"a":[154,200,221],"degeneracy":[155],"between":[156],"Doppler-broadening":[158],"radial":[162],"density":[163,168],"velocity":[165,170,178],"profiles:":[166],"shallower":[167],"gradients":[171],"mimic":[173],"effects":[175],"greater":[177],"dispersion.":[179],"Nevertheless,":[180],"integrated":[181],"quantities":[182],"are":[183,206,227],"well":[184],"recovered.":[185],"Over":[186],"range":[188],"$13":[189],"\\leq":[190,192],"\\log(N_{\\mathrm{Si}^+}/\\mathrm{cm}^{-2})":[191],"18$,":[193],"recovered":[195],"ionic":[196],"column":[197],"densities":[198],"scatter":[201,222],"0.26":[203],"dex":[204,225],"systematically":[207,228],"overestimated":[208,229],"0.22":[210],"dex.":[211,232],"Mass-outflow":[212],"rates":[213],"evaluated":[214],"at":[215],"terminal":[217],"radius":[219],"0.88":[224],"0.51":[231],"These":[233],"results":[234],"represent":[235],"substantial":[236],"improvements":[237],"over":[238],"previous":[239],"versions":[240],"model.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}