{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204950031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","title":"THE ROLE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN SHAPING KAZAKHSTAN\u2019S STATE EXPORT POLICY","display_name":"THE ROLE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN SHAPING KAZAKHSTAN\u2019S STATE EXPORT POLICY","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204950031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","pdf_url":"https://journals.nauka-nanrk.kz/bulletin-science/article/download/8963/5691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237253","display_name":"BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ( THE BULLETIN)","issn_l":"1991-3494","issn":["1991-3494","2518-1467"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"THE BULLETIN","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.nauka-nanrk.kz/bulletin-science/article/download/8963/5691","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099021132","display_name":"\u0417.\u0420. \u0417\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z.R. Zagidullina","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD student in Public and Local Administration, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD student in Public and Local Administration, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037874834","display_name":"Rymkul Ismailova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-5181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-5181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257690","display_name":"Astana IT University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jnvbc31","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257690"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.A. Ismailova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctor in Economics, Professor, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctor in Economics, Professor, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159928448","display_name":"M. Tolon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129222432","display_name":"Ankara Hac\u0131 Bayram Veli University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mskc574","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129222432"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Tolon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129222432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64765486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"422","issue":"4","first_page":"738","last_page":"752"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13473","display_name":"Economic Zones and Regional Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13473","display_name":"Economic Zones and Regional Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14349","display_name":"Global Political and Economic Relations","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13547","display_name":"Economic and Industrial Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-economic-zones","display_name":"special economic zones","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-policy","display_name":"export policy","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kazakhstan","display_name":"Kazakhstan","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-regimes","display_name":"preferential regimes","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-orientation","display_name":"export orientation","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-performance","display_name":"export performance","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-resource-exports","display_name":"non-resource exports","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-targets","display_name":"export targets","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-commitment","display_name":"export commitment","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-constraints","display_name":"institutional constraints","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-policy","display_name":"industrial policy","score":0.45399999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778269237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421562","display_name":"Export performance","level":2,"score":0.7005000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.6050999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47648889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494978","display_name":"Special economic zone","level":3,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992455633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182722","display_name":"Export trade","level":3,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779207338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9240","display_name":"Indonesian","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87980944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112","display_name":"Industrial policy","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019808023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"State policy","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","pdf_url":"https://journals.nauka-nanrk.kz/bulletin-science/article/download/8963/5691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237253","display_name":"BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ( THE BULLETIN)","issn_l":"1991-3494","issn":["1991-3494","2518-1467"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"THE BULLETIN","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32014/2026.2518-1467.1271","pdf_url":"https://journals.nauka-nanrk.kz/bulletin-science/article/download/8963/5691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237253","display_name":"BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ( THE BULLETIN)","issn_l":"1991-3494","issn":["1991-3494","2518-1467"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"THE BULLETIN","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204950031.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204950031.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117566821","https://openalex.org/W7150969556","https://openalex.org/W4403862498","https://openalex.org/W7214730444","https://openalex.org/W3201749353","https://openalex.org/W2184996924","https://openalex.org/W7214908505","https://openalex.org/W2892176493","https://openalex.org/W4389456731","https://openalex.org/W4409922024"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Special":[0],"economic":[1],"zones":[2,194],"are":[3,140,152],"one":[4],"of":[5,9,15,18,54,59,79,96,103,109,120,128,137,146,161,178,192,204,211,236,251,267],"the":[6,10,16,51,55,67,125,129,155,176,181,190,201,205,208,237,242,249,257,265],"key":[7],"instruments":[8],"industrial":[11],"and":[12,43,74,98,118,195,261,264],"investment":[13,41],"policy":[14],"Republic":[17],"Kazakhstan;":[19],"however,":[20],"their":[21,40,115,196],"contribution":[22],"to":[23,32,49,83,114,189,228],"national":[24,182],"exports":[25,82,127],"over":[26],"nearly":[27],"twenty-five":[28],"years":[29],"has":[30,75,185],"amounted":[31],"only":[33],"0.3%,":[34],"indicating":[35],"a":[36,64,77,217],"substantial":[37],"gap":[38],"between":[39,259],"potential":[42],"export":[44,57,116,122,166,183,209,231,255],"performance.":[45,275],"This":[46],"study":[47,214],"aims":[48],"identify":[50],"institutional":[52,202],"causes":[53],"low":[56],"performance":[58],"Kazakhstan\u2019s":[60],"SEZ":[61,121,150,274],"system":[62,160,272],"in":[63,106,175,219,240],"context":[65],"where":[66],"state":[68,243],"provides":[69],"an":[70,268],"extensive":[71],"preferential":[72,226],"regime":[73],"set":[76],"target":[78,162,184],"increasing":[80],"non-resource":[81,126],"USD":[84],"52":[85],"billion":[86],"by":[87,149],"2030.":[88],"The":[89,132,158,198,213,233],"methodological":[90],"framework":[91],"combines":[92],"qualitative":[93],"content":[94],"analysis":[95,102],"regulatory":[97,173],"strategic":[99],"documents,":[100],"comparative":[101],"17":[104],"SEZs":[105,247],"Kazakhstan,":[107],"classification":[108],"469":[110],"priority":[111,138],"activities":[112,139],"according":[113],"orientation,":[117],"comparison":[119],"indicators":[123,163],"with":[124],"corresponding":[130],"regions.":[131],"results":[133],"show":[134],"that":[135,224],"81.0%":[136],"classified":[141],"as":[142],"export-oriented,":[143],"while":[144,180],"93%":[145],"products":[147],"manufactured":[148],"participants":[151],"sold":[153],"on":[154,254],"domestic":[156],"market.":[157],"existing":[159],"records":[164],"participants\u2019":[165,229],"shares":[167],"but":[168],"does":[169],"not":[170,186],"provide":[171],"for":[172,221,246,273],"consequences":[174],"event":[177],"non-compliance,":[179],"been":[187],"decomposed":[188],"level":[191],"individual":[193],"participants.":[197],"findings":[199,238],"confirm":[200],"nature":[203],"constraints":[206],"affecting":[207],"function":[210],"SEZs.":[212],"proposes":[215],"introducing":[216],"\u201cpreferences":[218],"exchange":[220],"exports\u201d":[222],"principle":[223],"links":[225],"treatment":[227],"verifiable":[230],"commitments.":[232],"practical":[234],"application":[235],"lies":[239],"improving":[241],"support":[244],"mechanism":[245],"through":[248],"differentiation":[250],"preferences":[252],"based":[253],"performance,":[256],"distinction":[258],"export-oriented":[260],"non-export":[262],"activities,":[263],"establishment":[266],"independent":[269],"statistical":[270],"monitoring":[271]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}