{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204943673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","title":"Blue-throated macaws ( Ara glaucogularis ) copy conspecifics in bidirectional control tasks","display_name":"Blue-throated macaws ( Ara glaucogularis ) copy conspecifics in bidirectional control tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204943673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsos.251941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737558550","display_name":"Royal Society Open Science","issn_l":"2054-5703","issn":["2054-5703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126651983","display_name":"Esha Haldar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0814-8009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0814-8009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152298","display_name":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/05hqtre35","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153642","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/03g267s60","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4387153642"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE","ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esha Haldar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen 2 , Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany","Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n 3 , Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain","Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence 1 , Seewiesen, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0814-8009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen 2 , Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n 3 , Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence 1 , Seewiesen, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119712238","display_name":"Deepshika Arun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5937-9139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5937-9139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152298","display_name":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/05hqtre35","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153642","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/03g267s60","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4387153642"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepshika Arun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen 2 , Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany","Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n 3 , Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain","Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence 1 , Seewiesen, Bavaria, Germany","University of Zurich 4 , Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5937-9139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen 2 , Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n 3 , Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence 1 , Seewiesen, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich 4 , Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041355963","display_name":"Auguste M. P. von Bayern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0981-9456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0981-9456"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152298","display_name":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/05hqtre35","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153642","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/03g267s60","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4387153642"]}],"countries":["DE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Auguste Marie Philippa von Bayern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n 3 , Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain","Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence 1 , Seewiesen, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n 3 , Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence 1 , Seewiesen, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153642"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126651983"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152298","https://openalex.org/I4387153642","https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1471},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1471},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.05079999938607216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.026100000366568565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-throated-macaw","display_name":"blue-throated macaw","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ara-glaucogularis","display_name":"Ara glaucogularis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-learning","display_name":"social learning","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"imitation","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"emulation","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-foraging","display_name":"social foraging","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-transmission","display_name":"cultural transmission","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parrots","display_name":"parrots","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences-in-learning","display_name":"age differences in learning","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-transfer","display_name":"information transmission","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.8068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.77920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.704200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.6484000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32433346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3007160","display_name":"Cultural transmission in animals","level":2,"score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7703794","display_name":"Territoriality","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130939695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307505","display_name":"Social animal","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102483320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143725","display_name":"Observational learning","level":3,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983568541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Information transmission","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59726852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434121","display_name":"Animal communication","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180872759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405","display_name":"Social group","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136617856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309082","display_name":"Mirror neuron","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14145190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427332","display_name":"Cooperative breeding","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsos.251941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737558550","display_name":"Royal Society Open Science","issn_l":"2054-5703","issn":["2054-5703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.09.20.677516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.20.677516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.20.677516","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/09/21/2025.09.20.677516.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3683779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-32F4-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsos.251941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737558550","display_name":"Royal Society Open Science","issn_l":"2054-5703","issn":["2054-5703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319603","display_name":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/05hqtre35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320278","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204943673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204943673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W650883651","https://openalex.org/W937449949","https://openalex.org/W1499873135","https://openalex.org/W1540343968","https://openalex.org/W1556896265","https://openalex.org/W1598996539","https://openalex.org/W1644240647","https://openalex.org/W1869771056","https://openalex.org/W1971649056","https://openalex.org/W1973047240","https://openalex.org/W1974025272","https://openalex.org/W1977942338","https://openalex.org/W1978146015","https://openalex.org/W1982074454","https://openalex.org/W1984096688","https://openalex.org/W2001045582","https://openalex.org/W2002320784","https://openalex.org/W2004930777","https://openalex.org/W2011777491","https://openalex.org/W2028998946","https://openalex.org/W2030643722","https://openalex.org/W2032692182","https://openalex.org/W2033303831","https://openalex.org/W2035325152","https://openalex.org/W2036695671","https://openalex.org/W2037389490","https://openalex.org/W2073914850","https://openalex.org/W2083773630","https://openalex.org/W2097165862","https://openalex.org/W2103462950","https://openalex.org/W2103702476","https://openalex.org/W2106583109","https://openalex.org/W2109986499","https://openalex.org/W2115048287","https://openalex.org/W2120610908","https://openalex.org/W2125254952","https://openalex.org/W2125881598","https://openalex.org/W2130401414","https://openalex.org/W2131960487","https://openalex.org/W2135113998","https://openalex.org/W2150057265","https://openalex.org/W2160006144","https://openalex.org/W2160172765","https://openalex.org/W2170079672","https://openalex.org/W2274529172","https://openalex.org/W2792659322","https://openalex.org/W2871808992","https://openalex.org/W2902220807","https://openalex.org/W3016008575","https://openalex.org/W3036275256","https://openalex.org/W3046490577","https://openalex.org/W3094982997","https://openalex.org/W3140392535","https://openalex.org/W3161358895","https://openalex.org/W3185950258","https://openalex.org/W3198603347","https://openalex.org/W3205595721","https://openalex.org/W4220903045","https://openalex.org/W4229083666","https://openalex.org/W4310781339","https://openalex.org/W4378952061","https://openalex.org/W4402859038","https://openalex.org/W4404142807","https://openalex.org/W4404901794","https://openalex.org/W4413984943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414454265","https://openalex.org/W4404901794","https://openalex.org/W4413984943","https://openalex.org/W7064357765","https://openalex.org/W2544613786","https://openalex.org/W2047686270","https://openalex.org/W1982467903","https://openalex.org/W4310229343","https://openalex.org/W1995767205","https://openalex.org/W7100364430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Copying":[1],"via":[2],"imitation":[3],"(replicating":[4,10],"others\u2019":[5,11],"bodily":[6],"actions)":[7],"or":[8],"emulation":[9],"action":[12,137,163,183],"goals)":[13],"underpins":[14],"the":[15,123,135,161,165,171,174,181,185,188,192,197,202],"cultural":[16],"transmission":[17],"of":[18,64,81,145,226],"social":[19,48,53],"norms":[20],"and":[21,55,89,150,191,195,204,222],"technical":[22],"skills":[23,42],"in":[24,52,66,84,100,138,216],"humans.":[25],"Many":[26],"non-human":[27],"animals,":[28],"ranging":[29],"from":[30],"mammals":[31],"to":[32,38,59,133,179],"reptiles,":[33],"have":[34,56],"also":[35],"been":[36,57],"observed":[37],"socially":[39],"learn":[40],"foraging":[41,54,227],"by":[43],"copying":[44,82],"others.":[45],"Macaws":[46],"are":[47,79],"parrots":[49],"that":[50,96,211],"engage":[51],"shown":[58],"imitate":[60],"arbitrary":[61],"intransitive":[62],"actions":[63],"conspecifics":[65,83,215],"previous":[67],"experiments.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"investigated":[73],"whether":[74],"blue-throated":[75],"macaws":[76,212],"(Ara":[77],"glaucogularis)":[78],"capable":[80],"two":[85],"problem-solving":[86,217],"tasks:":[87],"\u2018door\u2019":[88,166],"\u2018plug\u2019,":[90,172],"each":[91,115,139],"employing":[92],"a":[93,118,142],"bidirectional":[94],"procedure":[95],"can":[97,213],"be":[98],"solved":[99,114,196],"either":[101],"direction.":[102],"A":[103],"control":[104,129,203],"group":[105,144],"(n":[106],"=":[107,127,147,152],"5),":[108],"which":[109],"received":[110],"no":[111],"demonstrations,":[112],"spontaneously":[113],"device":[116],"using":[117],"consistent":[119],"preferred":[120],"method.":[121],"For":[122],"ensuing":[124],"test,":[125],"n":[126,146,151],"2":[128],"birds":[130,159,190],"were":[131,176],"trained":[132],"demonstrate":[134],"non-preferred":[136],"apparatus":[140],"for":[141,164,170],"test":[143,158,189],"5":[148,153],"adult":[149,205],"subadult":[154],"macaws.":[155],"Significantly":[156],"more":[157],"copied":[160],"demonstrated":[162,182],"device,":[167],"but":[168],"not":[169],"because":[173],"subadults":[175,193],"less":[177],"likely":[178],"copy":[180,214],"than":[184,201],"adults.":[186],"Furthermore,":[187],"approached":[194],"tasks":[198],"significantly":[199],"faster":[200],"birds.":[206],"Overall,":[207],"our":[208],"study":[209],"shows":[210],"tasks,":[218],"facilitating":[219],"information":[220],"transfer":[221],"potentially":[223],"supporting":[224],"emergence":[225],"culture.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}