{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204933252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","title":"Compensatory Mutations in Avian Influenza H7N1 Hemagglutinin Drive Avian Host Adaptation and Antigenic Drift without Enhancing Replication in Human Cells","display_name":"Compensatory Mutations in Avian Influenza H7N1 Hemagglutinin Drive Avian Host Adaptation and Antigenic Drift without Enhancing Replication in Human Cells","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204933252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114198174","display_name":"Juliane Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4864-7837","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4864-7837"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310048521","display_name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/025fw7a54","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521","https://openalex.org/I2801963157"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliane Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035170755","display_name":"Hossein Batebi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-9700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-9700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Batebi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047753352","display_name":"Marcel Gischke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-2281","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-2281"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310048521","display_name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/025fw7a54","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521","https://openalex.org/I2801963157"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcel Gischke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033530736","display_name":"Andreas Herrmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6716-2026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6716-2026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Herrmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079763171","display_name":"Daniel Christian Lauster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-633X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-633X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Christian Lauster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052336257","display_name":"Alice Fusaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-5472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-5472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139787","display_name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie","ror":"https://ror.org/04n1mwm18","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139787"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Fusaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148901679","display_name":"Isabelle Monne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139787","display_name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie","ror":"https://ror.org/04n1mwm18","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139787"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabelle Monne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035250426","display_name":"Roland R. Netz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-0162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-0162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland R. Netz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110173536","display_name":"Thomas C. Mettenleiter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310048521","display_name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/025fw7a54","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521","https://openalex.org/I2801963157"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas C. Mettenleiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006418968","display_name":"Geert\u2010Jan Boons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-5954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-5954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geert-Jan Boons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135972524","display_name":"Reiner Ulrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-1224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-1224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926574661","display_name":"Leipzig University","ror":"https://ror.org/03s7gtk40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reiner Ulrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leipzig University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leipzig University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049515007","display_name":"Robert P. de Vries","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-4464","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-4464"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert P. Vries","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059624271","display_name":"Elsayed M. Abdelwhab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-0922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-0922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310048521","display_name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/025fw7a54","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521","https://openalex.org/I2801963157"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elsayed M. Abdelwhab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310048521"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11135","display_name":"Virology and Viral Diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemagglutinin","display_name":"hemagglutinin","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensatory-mutations","display_name":"compensatory mutations","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antigenic-drift","display_name":"antigenic drift","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-adaptation","display_name":"host adaptation","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistasis","display_name":"epistasis","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-fitness","display_name":"viral fitness","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-stability","display_name":"thermal stability","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoonotic-potential","display_name":"zoonotic potential","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-mismatch","display_name":"vaccine strain mismatch","score":0.30300000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.9023000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519248777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160122","display_name":"Influenza A virus subtype H5N1","level":3,"score":0.6913999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9136673","display_name":"Hemagglutinin (influenza)","level":3,"score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.6108999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7842527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575258","display_name":"Antigenic drift","level":4,"score":0.5583999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780115692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747302","display_name":"Heterologous","level":3,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193252679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125","display_name":"Phylogenetic tree","level":3,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777546802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834390","display_name":"Influenza A virus","level":3,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82988372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5628866","display_name":"H5N1 genetic structure","level":5,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8769409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066554","display_name":"Viral evolution","level":4,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19597524","display_name":"Host adaptation","level":4,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86282344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575314","display_name":"Antigenic shift","level":5,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780115458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419311","display_name":"Sialic acid","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206212055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553138","display_name":"Glycan","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778511750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126331","display_name":"Epizootic","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781416681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287246","display_name":"Orthomyxoviridae","level":4,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776817793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553369","display_name":"Lineage (genetic)","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134164806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409485","display_name":"Neuraminidase","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10351951/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8199999928474426}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159805061","https://openalex.org/W3043315188","https://openalex.org/W2019769551","https://openalex.org/W2030459065","https://openalex.org/W4284889790","https://openalex.org/W3011652081","https://openalex.org/W2216791516","https://openalex.org/W3160373643","https://openalex.org/W3179097668","https://openalex.org/W4226229313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Avian":[1],"influenza":[2],"A":[3],"viruses":[4,26,76,231],"(AIVs)":[5],"of":[6,70,209],"the":[7,40,65,154],"H7":[8,25,192,230],"subtype":[9],"have":[10,27],"caused":[11],"outbreaks":[12],"in":[13,35,73,102,129,132,137,143,161,169],"poultry":[14,235],"and":[15,50,67,80,122,131,140,152,164,180,183,202,242],"human":[16],"ranging":[17],"from":[18,78,108],"mild":[19],"to":[20,54,125,189,219],"fatal":[21],"disease.":[22],"In":[23],"Europe,":[24],"demonstrated":[28],"an":[29],"unusual":[30],"capacity":[31],"for":[32],"prolonged":[33,234],"circulation":[34,236],"poultry,":[36],"most":[37],"notably":[38],"during":[39,233],"Italian":[41,74],"H7N1":[42,75],"epizootic":[43],"(1999\u20132001),":[44],"which":[45],"persisted":[46],"despite":[47],"control":[48],"measures":[49],"provides":[51],"a":[52,85,166,190],"model":[53],"study":[55],"viral":[56,127],"adaptation":[57],"under":[58],"sustained":[59],"immune":[60,240],"pressure.":[61],"Here,":[62],"we":[63,114],"investigated":[64],"genetic":[66],"functional":[68],"evolution":[69],"hemagglutinin":[71],"(HA)":[72],"collected":[77],"chickens":[79],"turkeys.":[81],"Phylogenetic":[82],"analysis":[83,201],"identified":[84],"turkey-associated":[86],"lineage":[87],"carrying":[88],"six":[89],"HA1":[90,156],"substitutions":[91,173],"(E95G,":[92],"T125V,":[93],"R130K,":[94],"G133E,":[95],"A151T,":[96],"G177V),":[97],"detectable":[98],"at":[99],"low":[100],"frequency":[101],"early":[103],"LPAIV":[104],"quasispecies,":[105],"suggesting":[106],"selection":[107],"pre-existing":[109],"variants.":[110],"Using":[111],"reverse":[112],"genetics,":[113],"demonstrate":[115,228],"that":[116],"these":[117,226],"mutations":[118],"act":[119],"through":[120],"compensatory":[121],"epistatic":[123],"interactions":[124],"enhance":[126],"fitness":[128],"vitro":[130],"ovo,":[133],"with":[134],"stronger":[135],"effects":[136],"turkey-derived":[138],"cells":[139],"embryos":[141],"than":[142],"chickens.":[144],"While":[145],"T125V":[146],"alone":[147],"reduced":[148],"avian":[149,162],"receptor":[150,214],"binding":[151,218],"replication,":[153],"full":[155],"substitution":[157],"set":[158],"restored":[159],"replication":[160],"systems":[163],"conferred":[165],"competitive":[167],"advantage":[168],"turkey":[170],"embryos.":[171],"These":[172],"altered":[174],"HA":[175,197],"glycosylation,":[176],"modulated":[177],"fusion":[178],"activity":[179],"thermal":[181],"stability,":[182],"induced":[184],"marked":[185],"antigenic":[186],"drift":[187],"relative":[188],"heterologous":[191],"vaccine":[193],"strain.":[194],"Despite":[195],"extensive":[196],"remodeling,":[198],"glycan":[199],"microarray":[200],"molecular":[203],"dynamics":[204],"simulations":[205],"confirmed":[206],"strict":[207],"maintenance":[208],"avian-type":[210],"(\u03b12,3-linked)":[211],"sialic":[212],"acid":[213],"specificity,":[215],"without":[216,245],"increased":[217],"human-type":[220],"receptors":[221],"or":[222],"enhanced":[223],"replication.":[224],"Together,":[225],"findings":[227],"how":[229],"adapt":[232],"by":[237],"balancing":[238],"fitness,":[239],"escape,":[241],"host":[243],"specificity":[244],"increasing":[246],"zoonotic":[247],"potential.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}
