{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204926883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","title":"Patterns of Gardnerella vaginalis Co-Detection with Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in Adult Urogenital Molecular Testing in the Republic of Korea, 2018\u20132022","display_name":"Patterns of Gardnerella vaginalis Co-Detection with Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in Adult Urogenital Molecular Testing in the Republic of Korea, 2018\u20132022","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204926883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bacteria5030052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212479","display_name":"Bacteria","issn_l":"2674-1334","issn":["2674-1334"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bacteria","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773900","display_name":"So Yeon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-5924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-5924","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6169-077X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"So Yeon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6169-077X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108126814","display_name":"Jian-Bao Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7003-8422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7003-8422"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeong Su Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7003-8422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000491897","display_name":"Jae Kyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-563X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-563X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jae Kyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-563X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000491897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":2.9867,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82711789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"52","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11688","display_name":"Microbial infections and disease research","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gardnerella-vaginalis","display_name":"Gardnerella vaginalis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ureaplasma-urealyticum","display_name":"Ureaplasma urealyticum","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ureaplasma-parvum","display_name":"Ureaplasma parvum","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-detection","display_name":"CO detection","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urogenital-tract-infections","display_name":"urogenital infections","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplex-pcr-panels","display_name":"multiplex PCR panels","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaginal-microbiota","display_name":"vaginal microbiota","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-adults","display_name":"Korean adults","score":0.3790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776672898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137110","display_name":"Ureaplasma urealyticum","level":3,"score":0.92330002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780018483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127375","display_name":"Gardnerella vaginalis","level":3,"score":0.6398000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133507102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4712977","display_name":"Genitourinary system","level":2,"score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5551999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90583042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952456","display_name":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction","level":4,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909217659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500151","display_name":"Ureaplasma","level":3,"score":0.5281000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73269764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954529","display_name":"Poisson regression","level":3,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15190224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417099","display_name":"Accession number (library science)","level":4,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781188995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934982","display_name":"Multiplex","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bacteria5030052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212479","display_name":"Bacteria","issn_l":"2674-1334","issn":["2674-1334"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bacteria","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9f74192bd179471e9fface08f7cec5c7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9f74192bd179471e9fface08f7cec5c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bacteria, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 52 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bacteria5030052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria5030052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212479","display_name":"Bacteria","issn_l":"2674-1334","issn":["2674-1334"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bacteria","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995293156","https://openalex.org/W1998155420","https://openalex.org/W2013371150","https://openalex.org/W2018420111","https://openalex.org/W2144103404","https://openalex.org/W2151403616","https://openalex.org/W2192116738","https://openalex.org/W2461781307","https://openalex.org/W2482776958","https://openalex.org/W2594229310","https://openalex.org/W2598625765","https://openalex.org/W2728306113","https://openalex.org/W2775135503","https://openalex.org/W2800194438","https://openalex.org/W2808974672","https://openalex.org/W2902608356","https://openalex.org/W2911005883","https://openalex.org/W2933291098","https://openalex.org/W2942634072","https://openalex.org/W2963541510","https://openalex.org/W2972722913","https://openalex.org/W2997596089","https://openalex.org/W3029417509","https://openalex.org/W3047605696","https://openalex.org/W3125262183","https://openalex.org/W3126070470","https://openalex.org/W3159982039","https://openalex.org/W3160272577","https://openalex.org/W3185444663","https://openalex.org/W4213038453","https://openalex.org/W4283661326","https://openalex.org/W4293464721","https://openalex.org/W4309410896","https://openalex.org/W4310540647","https://openalex.org/W4328088926","https://openalex.org/W4391844208","https://openalex.org/W4408244553","https://openalex.org/W4415445645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405478621","https://openalex.org/W2461781307","https://openalex.org/W2559115931","https://openalex.org/W1562305956","https://openalex.org/W4309410896","https://openalex.org/W7213018460","https://openalex.org/W4394602354","https://openalex.org/W7126172396","https://openalex.org/W2742984190","https://openalex.org/W2377799738"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiplex":[0],"PCR":[1],"assays":[2],"report":[3],"Ureaplasma":[4,8],"urealyticum":[5],"(UU)":[6],"and":[7,29,35,40,72,110,133,140,149],"parvum":[9],"(UP)":[10],"separately,":[11],"but":[12],"the":[13,93,120,141,164],"results":[14],"are":[15],"often":[16],"combined":[17],"as":[18,173],"\u201cUreaplasma":[19],"positive.\u201d":[20],"We":[21],"compared":[22],"Gardnerella":[23],"vaginalis":[24],"(GV)":[25],"co-detection":[26,76,176],"in":[27,80,85,108,113,125],"UU-only":[28],"UP-only":[30],"adult":[31],"specimen":[32,70],"accession":[33],"records":[34,48,82],"examined":[36],"variation":[37],"by":[38],"sex":[39],"age.":[41],"This":[42],"retrospective":[43],"study":[44],"included":[45],"176,855":[46],"urogenital":[47],"from":[49,78],"a":[50,126,182],"Korean":[51],"reference":[52],"laboratory":[53,175],"(2018\u20132022).":[54],"The":[55,135],"primary":[56],"comparison":[57],"(N":[58],"=":[59],"46,319)":[60],"used":[61],"modified":[62],"Poisson":[63],"regression":[64],"adjusted":[65,94],"for":[66,116,147],"sex,":[67],"age":[68],"group,":[69],"type,":[71],"collection":[73],"year.":[74],"GV":[75],"ranged":[77],"15.7%":[79],"UU\u2212/UP\u2212":[81],"to":[83],"86.0%":[84],"UU+/UP+":[86],"records.":[87],"For":[88],"UU\u2212/UP+":[89],"versus":[90],"UU+/UP\u2212":[91],"records,":[92],"prevalence":[95],"ratio":[96],"(aPR)":[97],"was":[98,138],"1.06":[99],"(95%":[100],"CI,":[101],"1.04\u20131.08).":[102],"Sex-specific":[103],"aPRs":[104],"were":[105,123,131],"0.93":[106],"(0.91\u20130.95)":[107],"women":[109],"1.13":[111],"(1.10\u20131.15)":[112],"men":[114],"(p":[115],"interaction":[117,184],"<":[118],"0.001);":[119],"sex-specific":[121],"directions":[122],"reproduced":[124],"urine-only":[127],"analysis..":[128],"Age-related":[129],"differences":[130,155],"nonmonotonic":[132],"exploratory.":[134],"overall":[136],"association":[137],"small,":[139],"use":[142],"of":[143,181],"different":[144],"multiplex":[145],"panels":[146],"UU":[148],"UP/GV":[150],"means":[151],"that":[152],"cross-panel":[153],"analytical":[154],"could":[156],"have":[157],"contributed":[158],"to,":[159],"or":[160,185],"potentially":[161],"accounted":[162],"for,":[163],"observed":[165],"difference.":[166],"These":[167],"findings":[168],"should":[169],"therefore":[170],"be":[171],"interpreted":[172],"descriptive":[174],"patterns":[177],"rather":[178],"than":[179],"evidence":[180],"biological":[183],"clinically":[186],"meaningful":[187],"species-specific":[188],"difference..":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}