{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204903791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","title":"Economic Openness and the Regional Output- Employment-Poverty Nexus in Indonesia: A Fixed-Effects IV Approach","display_name":"Economic Openness and the Regional Output- Employment-Poverty Nexus in Indonesia: A Fixed-Effects IV Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204903791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10439111/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10439111/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085999811","display_name":"Wiwiek Rindayati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21881038","display_name":"IPB University","ror":"https://ror.org/05smgpd89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21881038"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wiwiek Rindayati","raw_affiliation_strings":["IPB University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IPB University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21881038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081318962","display_name":"Fahmi Salam Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-0684","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-0684"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21881038","display_name":"IPB University","ror":"https://ror.org/05smgpd89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21881038"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahmi Salam Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["IPB University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IPB University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21881038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115872136","display_name":"Gerhana Gerhana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9550-5568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9550-5568"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhana Gerhana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence University","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12446","display_name":"Economic Growth and Fiscal Policies","score":0.8525000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12446","display_name":"Economic Growth and Fiscal Policies","score":0.8525000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14051","display_name":"Regional Economic Trends and Sectoral Structure","score":0.07159999758005142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.02930000051856041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-openness","display_name":"economic openness","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-output","display_name":"regional output","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-development","display_name":"human development","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ict-development","display_name":"ICT development","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-expenditure","display_name":"government spending","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-shock","display_name":"COVID-19 shock","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-disparities","display_name":"regional disparities","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesia","display_name":"Indonesia","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provincial-panel-data","display_name":"provincial panel data","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.8621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.7883999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7145000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.6622999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983848023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733553","display_name":"Transmission channel","level":3,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40605704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3615000","display_name":"Shift-share analysis","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088","display_name":"Commodity","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506295513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438","display_name":"Economic integration","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917873","display_name":"Human development (humanity)","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10439111/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10439111/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10439111/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204903791.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204903791.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547506455","https://openalex.org/W1977162143","https://openalex.org/W2129385606","https://openalex.org/W2147081279","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2325072161","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2588728401","https://openalex.org/W3022774728","https://openalex.org/W3122806311","https://openalex.org/W3123081292","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3172361188","https://openalex.org/W3174429393","https://openalex.org/W3208214356","https://openalex.org/W3215273603","https://openalex.org/W4200255484","https://openalex.org/W4220666398","https://openalex.org/W4220725037","https://openalex.org/W4225865049","https://openalex.org/W4254878203","https://openalex.org/W4280523349","https://openalex.org/W4285008740","https://openalex.org/W4292377191","https://openalex.org/W4295329185","https://openalex.org/W4296389344","https://openalex.org/W4303649626","https://openalex.org/W4306253895","https://openalex.org/W4309914103","https://openalex.org/W4310009691","https://openalex.org/W4310379011","https://openalex.org/W4319159518","https://openalex.org/W4380343575","https://openalex.org/W4381190989","https://openalex.org/W4382136053","https://openalex.org/W4384342909","https://openalex.org/W4385663201","https://openalex.org/W4386370128","https://openalex.org/W4386419179","https://openalex.org/W4386478207","https://openalex.org/W4387309965","https://openalex.org/W4388845830","https://openalex.org/W4389132347","https://openalex.org/W4389475147","https://openalex.org/W4390505447","https://openalex.org/W4394755364","https://openalex.org/W4401349585","https://openalex.org/W4402847300","https://openalex.org/W4403249804","https://openalex.org/W4403741512","https://openalex.org/W4406180142","https://openalex.org/W4407716808","https://openalex.org/W4409089091","https://openalex.org/W4409890959","https://openalex.org/W4410731106","https://openalex.org/W4411440372","https://openalex.org/W4411978720","https://openalex.org/W4414148998","https://openalex.org/W4414721904","https://openalex.org/W4417004391","https://openalex.org/W7084031604","https://openalex.org/W7092207011","https://openalex.org/W7125266006","https://openalex.org/W7126235773","https://openalex.org/W7128478477","https://openalex.org/W7152955149","https://openalex.org/W7155101108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221528695","https://openalex.org/W7202340479","https://openalex.org/W3088520942","https://openalex.org/W7125008926","https://openalex.org/W7221228128","https://openalex.org/W7217979971","https://openalex.org/W7215900968","https://openalex.org/W7220735057","https://openalex.org/W7216973820","https://openalex.org/W7134126308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,81,104],"study":[2,82,105],"examines":[3],"the":[4,10,43,87,162,200],"relationship":[5],"between":[6],"economic":[7,24,67,91,167,230],"openness":[8,17,46,92,133,212],"and":[9,31,61,72,79,97,138,153,169,177,182,206,227],"regional":[11,23,69,94,136,151,188,236],"output-employment-poverty":[12],"nexus":[13],"in":[14,35,57,114],"Indonesia.":[15],"Economic":[16],"is":[18],"theoretically":[19],"expected":[20],"to":[21,55,85,118,187,232],"stimulate":[22],"performance":[25],"through":[26],"market":[27],"expansion,":[28],"productivity":[29],"growth,":[30,68],"technology":[32],"diffusion.":[33],"However,":[34],"geographically":[36],"fragmented":[37],"developing":[38],"economies":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"Indonesia,":[42],"benefits":[44],"of":[45,90],"may":[47],"not":[48,144],"be":[49,215],"evenly":[50],"distributed":[51],"across":[52],"regions":[53],"due":[54],"disparities":[56],"infrastructure,":[58],"labor-market":[59,159],"conditions,":[60],"human":[62,221],"development.":[63],"Despite":[64],"sustained":[65],"national":[66],"disparities,":[70],"unemployment,":[71,96,141],"poverty":[73,98],"remain":[74],"persistent,":[75],"particularly":[76],"outside":[77],"Java":[78],"Bali.":[80],"therefore":[83],"aims":[84],"analyze":[86],"causal":[88],"effects":[89],"on":[93],"output,":[95],"within":[99],"an":[100],"integrated":[101],"analytical":[102],"framework.":[103],"employs":[106],"balanced":[107],"provincial":[108],"panel":[109],"data":[110],"covering":[111],"34":[112],"provinces":[113],"Indonesia":[115],"from":[116],"2017":[117],"2024.":[119],"The":[120,128,208],"analysis":[121],"applies":[122],"a":[123,195],"Fixed-Effects":[124],"Instrumental":[125],"Variable":[126],"(FE-IV).":[127],"results":[129],"indicate":[130],"that":[131,158,211],"trade":[132],"significantly":[134,154,173,203],"increases":[135,155],"output":[137,152],"modestly":[139],"reduces":[140,174],"but":[142],"does":[143],"directly":[145],"reduce":[146],"poverty.":[147,207],"Unemployment":[148],"negatively":[149],"affects":[150],"poverty,":[156,178],"indicating":[157],"absorption":[160],"constitutes":[161],"primary":[163],"transmission":[164],"channel":[165],"linking":[166],"growth":[168],"welfare.":[170],"Human":[171],"development":[172,181,237],"both":[175],"unemployment":[176,205],"while":[179],"ICT":[180],"government":[183],"expenditure":[184],"positively":[185],"contribute":[186],"output.":[189],"In":[190],"contrast,":[191],"FDI":[192],"only":[193],"exhibits":[194],"limited":[196],"poverty-reducing":[197],"effect.":[198],"Furthermore,":[199],"COVID-19":[201],"shock":[202],"worsened":[204],"findings":[209],"suggest":[210],"policies":[213],"should":[214],"complemented":[216],"by":[217],"employment-oriented":[218],"industrial":[219],"strategies,":[220],"capital":[222],"development,":[223],"productive":[224],"public":[225],"expenditure,":[226],"stronger":[228],"local":[229],"linkages":[231],"promote":[233],"more":[234],"inclusive":[235],"outcomes.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}